兩種熱作模具鋼的高溫摩擦磨損性能

摘要: 采用高溫摩擦磨損試驗機研究了HTCS-130和DAC55兩種熱作模具鋼在100~700℃范圍內的耐磨性差異及磨損機制, 并結合X射線衍射儀(XRD)、掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)、光學輪廓儀等手段對表面相組成、磨損表面、截面形貌等進行分析. 結果表明: 兩種鋼的磨損率均在100~700℃范圍內呈現先增后減的趨勢; 其磨損機制表現為在100℃和300℃分別發生黏著磨損和黏著-輕微氧化磨損; 500℃時磨損機制轉變為單一氧化磨損, 磨損表面氧化層由FeO、Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄組成, 亞表面發生輕微軟化并出現塑性變形層; 700℃時磨損進入嚴重氧化磨損階段, 氧化物數量急劇增多, 同時由于馬氏體基體回復導致材料出現嚴重軟化, 磨損表面形成連續的氧化層. HTCS-130鋼優異的熱穩定性能使得基體具有較高硬度和更窄的摩擦軟化區, 能夠更好地支撐氧化層, 從而在700℃下比DAC55鋼更耐磨.
- 熱作模具鋼 /
- 高溫摩擦磨損 /
- 磨損機制 /
- 氧化層 /
- 熱穩定性能
Abstract: Owing to work at high temperature and high loadings, hot work die steels wear easily, and are especially susceptible to high temperature oxidative wear. Under severe oxidative wear conditions, the wear rate is high, which may lead to premature wear failure of the dies. Therefore, severe oxidative wear should be limited or avoided during the service life of hot work die steels. For service materials, wear resistance is affected by temperature, load, time on the oxide type, plastic deformation, and debris morphology of the surface and sub-surface. Pioneering researchers tended to focus on the influences of temperature, load, and time on wear resistance, and little is known about the wear mechanism of different materials. In this work, the wear mechanism and resistance differences between two hot work die steels, HTCS-130 and DAC55, were studied at temperatures of 100-700℃, using a high temperature friction and wear tester. Surface phase composition, worn surface and cross-section morphology were analyzed by white-light interferometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the wear rates of the two steels both increase at first and then decrease at temperatures of 100-700℃. The wear mechanisms of both steels appeared as adhesive wear at 100℃ and adhesive-oxidative wear at 300℃. Then, the wear mechanism changed into oxidative wear at 500℃ and an oxide layer comprising FeO, Fe₂O₃, and Fe₃O₄ was observed on the worn surface. Meanwhile, the subsurface started to soften slightly and a plastically deformed layer appeared. Subsequently, severe oxidative wear occurred at 700℃ and the number of oxides had sharply increased. The materials were severely softened owing to the recovery of the martensite matrix. Meanwhile, a continuous oxide layer formed on the worn surface. Due to the excellent thermal stability of HTCS-130 steel, the high hardness and narrow softened zone of matrix could better support the oxide layer. Therefore, HTCS-130 steel shows better wear resistance than DAC55 steel at 700℃.
- hot work die steel /
- high temperature wear /
- wear mechanism /
- oxide layer /
- thermal stability

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圖 1 試驗鋼回火組織圖. (a)HTCS-130鋼；(b)DAC55鋼

Figure 1. Micrographs of tested steel after tempering: (a) HTCS-130 steel; (b) DAC55 steel

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圖 2 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼磨損后表面形貌. (a)100 ℃，DAC55；(b)300 ℃，DAC55；(c)500 ℃，DAC55；(d)700 ℃，DAC55；(e)100 ℃，HTCS-130；(f)300 ℃，HTCS-130；(g)500 ℃，HTCS-130；(h)700 ℃，HTCS-130

Figure 2. Surface morphology of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel after wear: (a) 100 ℃, DAC55; (b) 300 ℃, DAC55; (c) 500 ℃, DAC55; (d) 700 ℃, DAC55;(e) 100 ℃, HTCS-130; (f) 300 ℃, HTCS-130; (g) 500 ℃, HTCS-130; (h) 700 ℃, HTCS-130

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圖 3 圖 2(e)中點1的能譜圖

Figure 3. EDS analysis of Point 1 in Fig. 2(e)

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圖 4 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼磨損后表面X射線衍射譜線分析

Figure 4. XRD spectrum analysis of the surface of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel after wear

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圖 5 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼磨損后截面形貌. (a)300 ℃，DAC55；(b)500 ℃，DAC55；(c)700 ℃，DAC55；(d)300 ℃，HTCS-130；(e)500 ℃，HTCS-130；(f)700 ℃，HTCS-130

Figure 5. Cross-section morphology of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel after wear: (a)300 ℃, DAC55;(b)500 ℃, DAC55;(c)700 ℃, DAC55;(d)300 ℃, HTCS-130;(e)500 ℃, HTCS-130;(f)700 ℃, HTCS-130

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圖 6 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼磨損后截面顯微硬度

Figure 6. Microhardness distribution on the cross-section of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel after wear

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圖 7 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼600 ℃保溫時的熱穩定曲線

Figure 7. Thermal stability curves of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel holding at 600 ℃

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圖 8 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼600 ℃保溫16 h回火后的組織形貌.(a)HTCS-130鋼；(b)DAC55鋼

Figure 8. Microstructures of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel after tempering at 600 ℃, holding for 16 h: (a) HTCS-130 steel; (b) DAC55 steel

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圖 9 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼摩擦系數. (a)100 ℃；(b)300 ℃；(c)500 ℃；(d)700 ℃

Figure 9. Friction coefficient of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel: (a) 100 ℃; (b) 300 ℃; (c) 500 ℃; (d) 700 ℃

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圖 10 DAC55鋼和HTCS-130鋼的磨損率

Figure 10. Wear rate of DAC55 steel and HTCS-130 steel

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表 1 HTCS-130鋼和DAC55鋼的化學成分(質量分數)

Table 1. Table 1Chemical composition of HTCS-130 steel and DAC55 steel?%

鋼號	C	Si	Mn	Cr	Mo	Ni	V	W	Co	Fe
HTCS-130	0.31	0.04	0.05	—	3.70	—	—	1.88	—	余量
DAC55	0.35	0.21	0.53	5.06	2.41	0.61	0.77	—	0.65	余量

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表 2 HTCS-130鋼和DAC55鋼碳化物類型及含量(質量分數)

Table 2. Types and contents of carbides in HTCS-130 steel and DAC55 steel?%

鋼種	MC	M₂C	M₆C	M₂₃C₆	總計
HTCS-130	0.82	3.96	1.53	—	6.31
DAC55	—	0.26	—	6.27	6.53

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