中國頁巖氣開發理論與技術研究進展

朱維耀; 陳震; 宋智勇; 吳建發; 李武廣; 岳明

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2020.11.10.003

中國頁巖氣開發理論與技術研究進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2020.11.10.003

1.
北京科技大學土木與資源工程學院, 北京 100083
2.
中國石油西南油氣田公司頁巖氣研究院, 成都 610051
3.
中國石油西南油氣田公司, 成都 610051

基金項目: 國家重點基礎研究發展計劃（973計劃）資助項目（2013CB228002）；國家自然科學基金資助項目（51974013）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail: weiyaook@sina.com

中圖分類號: TE122.3
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2020-11-10
- 網絡出版日期: 2021-09-29
- 刊出日期: 2021-10-12

Research progress in theories and technologies of shale gas development in China

1.
School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Shale Gas Research Institute, Petro China Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051, China
3.
Petro China Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: weiyaook@sina.com.cn

摘要

摘要: 中國的頁巖氣田屬于非常規氣藏，采用體積壓裂工程技術才可以實現有效開采。不過，頁巖儲層與一般儲層的性質不同，納米級孔隙大量分布，其孔隙和滲透率十分微小，同時還分布有微裂縫，氣體在其中的流動具有解吸、擴散、滑脫和滲流等多種微觀機理，并且呈現出基質?微裂縫?人工裂縫的跨尺度多流態流動。常規的油氣開發理論與技術并不適用于頁巖氣藏，因此需要有針對性的研究，并建立頁巖氣開發的理論與技術，才能實現我國頁巖氣藏的高效地開發。從頁巖氣流動的基本規律出發，總結了頁巖氣流動的多流態?多尺度?多場耦合輸運機理和滲流規律，歸納了考慮解吸?擴散?滑移?滲流的多尺度非線性滲流統一方程，給出了多尺度全流態圖版。通過頁巖氣多級壓裂水平井多區耦合非線性滲流理論、多場耦合非線性滲流理論，形成頁巖氣藏流場區域儲量動用與開發動態變化規律，針對我國頁巖氣特點構建了頁巖氣產量遞減模型。基于上述理論提出了開發設計方法，提出了我國儲層分級評價及優選目標評價方法，并且建立了適合我國儲層的分級評價及優選目標方法與指標，對中國頁巖氣壓裂開發工藝適應性技術進展進行了歸納總結。在此基礎上，對未來頁巖氣高效開發理論的發展方向進行了展望，以期對我國頁巖氣理論和技術研究提供指導。
- 頁巖氣 /
- 非線性滲流 /
- 納微米流動 /
- 多區耦合 /
- 滲流理論
Abstract: The shale gas reservoirs in China are unconventional gas reservoirs that have been developed with volumetric fracturing engineering technologies to achieve effective production. However, shale reservoirs differ from conventional reservoirs in that they have widely distributed nanoscale pores, low porosity and permeability, and widely distributed microfractures. Shale reservoirs have various gas flow mechanisms, including desorption, diffusion, slippage, and seepage, which result in a cross-scale and multifluid coexistence flow through matrix microfractures and artificial fractures. Conventional oil and gas development theories and technologies are not directly applicable to shale gas reservoirs. Therefore, to establish shale development theories and technologies and realize the efficient development of shale gas reservoirs in China, targeted research is required. This article summarized the basic laws of shale gas flow, the multifluid, multiscale, and multifield coupled transport mechanism and porous flow laws of shale gas flow, and the multiscale and nonlinear unified flow equation based on desorption, diffusion, slippage, and porous flow. The full multiscale flow pattern was also provided. The multizone and multifield coupling nonlinear porous flow theories for multistage fractured horizontal shale gas wells were established to detect the production range and development dynamics of flow field zone reserves in shale gas reservoirs. A production decline model for shale gas production was developed based on the characteristics of China's shale gas reservoirs. Based on the abovementioned theory, development design methods and classification and optimization target evaluation methods that are suitable for China's shale gas reservoirs have been proposed. The progress of the adaptability technology for China's shale gas fracturing development process was summarized. The future developmental direction of efficient shale gas development theory was forecasted on this basis to provide guidance for shale gas theory and technology research in China.
- shale gas /
- nonlinear porous flow /
- nano-micron flow /
- multi-sector coupling /
- porous flow theory

HTML全文

圖 1 最大過剩吸附量和臨界解吸壓力^[17]

Figure 1. Maximum excess adsorption capacity and critical desorption pressure^[17]

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圖 2 在同一溫度下的吸附?解吸曲線^[16]

Figure 2. Adsorption?desorption curve at the same temperature^[16]

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圖 3 擴散系數與溫度的變化關系^[24]

Figure 3. Relationship between diffusion coefficient and temperature^[24]

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圖 4 擴散系數與有效應力的變化關系^[24]

Figure 4. Relationship between diffusion coefficient and effective stress^[24]

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圖 5 基質頁巖納米孔隙^[27]

Figure 5. Nanopores in shale matrix^[27]

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圖 6 基質巖心滲流規律曲線^[10]

Figure 6. Porous flow curves of matrix cores^[10]

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圖 7 納米多孔氧化鋁膜。（a）12.6 nm孔徑；（b）89.2 nm孔徑^[28]

Figure 7. Nanoporous alumina membrane: (a) pore diameter of 12.6 nm; (b) pore diameter of 89.2 nm^[28]

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圖 8 實驗流量與泊肅葉理論流量的比較。（a）5.03 μm孔徑；（b）89.2 nm孔徑^[28]

Figure 8. Comparison of experimental flow and poiseuille’s theoretical calculation: (a) pore diameter of 5.03 μm; (b) pore diameter of 89.2 nm^[28]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 9 微裂縫中氣體流動實驗測量^[32]

Figure 9. Experimental measurement of gas flow in microcracks^[32]

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圖 10 頁巖氣流動多流態圖版^[10]

Figure 10. Multimode flow pattern of shale gas^[10]

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圖 11 納微米孔隙及微裂縫中的流動規律比較^[42]

Figure 11. Comparison of flow laws in nano/micropores and microcracks^[42]

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圖 12 頁巖氣藏開發分區耦合示意圖^[10]

Figure 12. Schematic of sector coupling during shale gas reservoir development^[10]

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圖 13 不同縫網區域大小的影響^[52]

Figure 13. Influence of different fracture network sector sizes^[52]

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圖 14 縫網區裂縫滲透率的影響^[52]

Figure 14. Influence of fracture permeability of the fracture network sector^[52]

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圖 15 不同滲透率下未壓裂井動邊界曲線^[55]

Figure 15. Moving boundary curves of wells at different permeabilities without any fracture^[55]

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圖 16 不同滲透率下單一裂縫井動邊界曲線^[55]

Figure 16. Moving boundary curves of wells at different permeabilities with a single fracture^[55]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 17 不同縫網區域大小對產量的影響^[42]

Figure 17. Influence of different fracture network sector sizes on production^[42]

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圖 18 裂縫段數的影響^[42]

Figure 18. Influence of the number of fracture stages^[42]

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圖 19 采氣井的生產數據擬合曲線^[52]

Figure 19. Production history matching curve of the gas recovery well^[52]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 20 采用階梯降壓開發效果對比圖

Figure 20. Comparison of the effect of using the step-gradient reducing pressure development method

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表 1 頁巖儲層分級評價標準^[62]

Table 1. Classification and evaluation criteria for shale reservoirs^[62]

Shale reservoir classification	TOC/ %	Effective porosity/%	Brittleness index	Total gas content / (m³·t^?1)
Class Ⅰ	≥3	≥5	≥55	≥3
Class Ⅱ	2?3	3?5	45?55	2?3
Class Ⅲ	1?2	2?3	30?45	1?2

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表 2 頁巖氣開發有利目標優選指標與標準^[65]

Table 2. Preferred indicators and standards for favorable targets for shale gas development^[65]

Reservoir depth /m	Reservoir thickness of Class I+II/m	Pressure coefficient	Distance to erosion line /km	Distance to fault /m	Ground conditions
<3500	>20	>1.2(gas content >3 m³·t^?1, vertical well test production >10000 m³·d^?1)	>7–8	>700	Fulfill the requirement of wells deployment

下載: 導出CSV

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