機動車來源多環芳烴及其衍生物的排放特征研究進展

劉殷佐; 趙靜波; 王婷; 毛洪鈞

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2020.08.10.002

機動車來源多環芳烴及其衍生物的排放特征研究進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2020.08.10.002

劉殷佐^{1, 2},
趙靜波^{1, 2},
王婷^{1, 2, ,},
毛洪鈞^{1, 2}

1.
南開大學環境科學與工程學院，天津 300071
2.
天津市城市交通污染防治研究重點實驗室，天津 300071

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金青年科學基金資助項目（21806082）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail：wangting@nankai.edu.cn

中圖分類號: X734.2
計量
- 文章訪問數: 1856
- HTML全文瀏覽量: 1194
- PDF下載量: 81
- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2020-08-10
- 刊出日期: 2021-01-25

Research progress of emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives of vehicle exhaust

LIU Yin-zuo^{1, 2},
ZHAO Jing-bo^{1, 2},
WANG Ting^{1, 2
, ,},
MAO Hong-jun^{1, 2}

1.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
2.
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, Tianjin 300071, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: wangting@nankai.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 隨著機動車保有量快速增長，機動車排放成為大部分大中城市大氣中PAHs及其衍生物的主要來源之一。因此，基于以往的研究成果，匯總了臺架實驗、車載實驗、隧道實驗、路邊實驗等常用的機動車尾氣采集方法，對機動車來源PAHs及其衍生物的排放特征（排放因子、氣粒分配規律、成分譜研究以及機動車車型、工況和行駛里程的影響等）進行了總結，為不同研究需求下實驗方法的選取以及機動車減排措施的制定提供科學參考。此外，為緩解能源問題和機動車排放污染問題，中國計劃2020年在全國范圍內推廣使用車用乙醇汽油。由于乙醇汽油與普通汽油的性質存在諸多不同，乙醇汽油對機動車排放的影響也引起了研究者們的關注，因此分析了乙醇汽油實施對機動車尾氣PAHs及其衍生物的污染特征變化的影響，以期為該領域未來的研究方向提供建議，為機動車污染防控研究提供科學合理的參考。
- 機動車 /
- 多環芳烴 /
- 硝基多環芳烴 /
- 含氧多環芳烴 /
- 乙醇汽油
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of persistent organic pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Moreover, the derivatives of PAHs, including nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), have strong oxidizing properties, and their mutagenicity and carcinogenic potential can reach 10 times and 100,000 times of the parent PAHs, respectively. Various epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown that PAHs and their derivatives are closely related to the occurrence and growth of many critical diseases. Therefore, PAHs have received immense attention in academics and is becoming a hot topic in scientific research. In recent years, a rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles has resulted in emissions from vehicles that have become one of the primary sources of PAHs and their atmospheric derivatives in almost all large and medium-sized cities. Based on the previous research, this review has summarized several standard sampling methods for vehicle exhaust, including bench experiment, vehicle-mounted experiment, tunnel experiment, and roadside experiment, and concluded the characteristics of PAHs and their derivatives from vehicle emissions (i.e., emission factor, gas-particle phase partitioning, source profiles, the influence of vehicle type, operating condition, and vehicle mileage). This review also provides scientific references for collecting sampling methods under various research demands by formulating emission reduction measures for motor vehicles. The oxygen content of ethanol–gasoline is higher than that of regular gasoline. The use of ethanol–gasoline can reduce many kinds of harmful substances in vehicle exhaust. At the same time, as straw is one of the raw materials of bioethanol, the promotion of ethanol gasoline for vehicles is also an important measure to solve the problem of burning agricultural waste such as straw and reduce the emission of pollutants. In this context, China plans to promote using vehicles with the ethanol–gasoline fuel nationwide in 2020 to alleviate the problem of pollution due to energy and motor vehicle emissions. However, there are certain differences in the properties between ethanol–gasoline and regular gasoline; hence, the impact of ethanol-blended gasoline on emissions from motor vehicles has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper reviewed the effect of ethanol-blended gasoline on the variation of pollution characteristics of PAHs and discussed their derivatives. Some useful suggestions for future research directions in this field are made, and scientific and reasonable references for the prevention and control measures of motor vehicle emission reduction are provided.
- vehicle /
- PAHs /
- nitro–PAHs /
- oxygenated–PAHs /
- ethanol gasoline

HTML全文

圖 1 臺架實驗裝置示意圖^[32]

Figure 1. Schematic of a bench test facility^[32]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

表 1 乙醇汽油與普通汽油質量指標的對比^[81–82]

Table 1. Comparison of a quality index between ethanol–gasoline and regular gasoline^[81–82]

Project	Ethanol gasoline (E10)	Regular gasoline (E0)
Research octane number (RON)	≥98	≥98
Antiknock index	≥93	≥93
Lead /(g·L^?1)	≥0.005	≥0.005
10% of evaporation temperature /℃	≤70	≤70
50% of evaporation temperature /℃	≤110	≤110
90% of evaporation temperature /℃	≤190	≤190
End point of distillation /℃	≤205	≤205
Residual quantity (volume fraction)/%	≤2	≤2
Vapour pressure durig 1st November to 30st April/kPa	45–85	45–85
Vapour pressure durig 1st May to 31st October/kPa	40–65	40–65
Unwashed gum content /[mg·(100 mL)^?1]	≤30	≤30
Washed gum content /[mg·(100 mL)^?1]	≤5	≤5
Induction period /min	≥480	≥480
Sulphur content /(mg·kg^?1)	≤10	≤10
Copper corrosion (50 ℃, 3 h) (grade)	≤1	≤1
Water-soluble acid or alkali	0	0
Mechanical admixture	0	0
H₂O (mass fraction)%	≤0.20	0
Ethanol content (volume fraction)/%	10.0±2.0	0
other organic oxide content (mass fraction)/%	≤0.5	0
Benzene content (volume fraction)/%	≤0.8	≤0.8
Aromatic content (volume fraction)/%	≤35	≤35
Olefin content (volume fraction)/%	≤15	≤15
Manganese content /(g·L^?1)	≤0.002	≤0.002
Ferrum content /(g·L^?1)	≤0.01	≤0.01
Density (20 ℃)/(kg·m^?3)	720–775	720–775

下載: 導出CSV

259luxu-164

參考文獻(90)

[1]	Keyte I J, Harrison R M, Lammel G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons?a review. Chem Soc Rev, 2013, 42(24): 9333
[2]	Wei C, Han Y M, Bandowe B A M, et al. Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning and carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen and nitrogen containing derivatives in Xi'an, central China. Sci Total Environ, 2015, 505: 814
[3]	Bandowe B A M, Meusel H, Huang R J, et al. PM_2.5-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: Seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment. Sci Total Environ, 2014, 473-474: 77
[4]	Achten C, Andersson J T. Overview of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC). Polycyclic Aromat Compd, 2015, 35(2-4): 177
[5]	Wan X L, Chen J W, Tian F L, et al. Source apportionment of PAHs in atmospheric particulates of Dalian: Factor analysis with nonnegative constraints and emission inventory analysis. Atmos Environ, 2006, 40(34): 6666
[6]	World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2010
[7]	Keith L H, Telliard W A. Priority pollutants: I. A perspective view. Environ Sci Technol, 1979, 13(4): 416
[8]	Zhong Y C, Zhu L Z. Distribution, input pathway and soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Banshan Industry Park, China. Sci Total Environ, 2013, 444: 177
[9]	Zhang Y X, Tao S. Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004. Atmos Environ, 2009, 43(4): 812
[10]	Lin Y C, Li Y C, Amesho K T T, et al. Characterization and quantification of PM_2.5 emissions and PAHs concentration in PM_2.5 from the exhausts of diesel vehicles with various accumulated mileages. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 660: 188
[11]	Karavalakis G, Boutsika V, Stournas S, et al. Biodiesel emissions profile in modern diesel vehicles. Part 2: Effect of biodiesel origin on carbonyl, PAH, nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH emissions. Sci Total Environ, 2011, 409(4): 738
[12]	Aldhaidhawi M, Chiriac R, Badescu V. Ignition delay, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with rapeseed biodiesel?a literature review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 2017, 73: 178
[13]	Zheng H J, Kang S C, Chen P F, et al. Sources and spatio-temporal distribution of aerosol polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Pollut, 2020, 261: 114144
[14]	Jariyasopit N, Zimmermann K, Schrlau J, et al. Heterogeneous reactions of particulate matter-bound PAHs and NPAHs with NO₃/N₂O₅, OH radicals, and O₃ under simulated long-range atmospheric transport conditions: Reactivity and mutagenicity. Environ Sci Technol, 2014, 48(17): 10155
[15]	Wang W T, Jariyasopit N, Schrlau J, et al. Concentration and photochemistry of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs and toxicity of PM_2.5 during the Beijing Olympic Games. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45(16): 6887
[16]	Li Z Y, Liu Y S, Jiang L J, et al. Research progress on adsorption purification technology of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chin J Eng, 2018, 40(2): 127 李子宜, 劉應書, 姜理俊, 等. 氣相多環芳烴的吸附凈化技術研究進展. 工程科學學報, 2018, 40(2):127
[17]	Bandowe B A M, Meusel H. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment?a review. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 581-582: 237
[18]	Idowu O, Semple K T, Ramadass K, et al. Beyond the obvious: Environmental health implications of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Int, 2019, 123: 543
[19]	Alves C A, Vicente A M, Custodio D, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (nitro-PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes) in PM_2.5 from Southern European cities. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 595: 494
[20]	Alves C A, Vicente A M P, Gomes J, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in size-fractionated particles emitted in an urban road tunnel. Atmos Res, 2016, 180: 128
[21]	Vicente E D, Vicente A M, Bandowe B A M, et al. Particulate phase emission of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, azaarenes and nitrated PAHs) from manually and automatically fired combustion appliances. Air Qual Atmos Health, 2016, 9(6): 653
[22]	Shen G F, Xue M, Wei S Y, et al. Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions. J Environ Sci, 2013, 25(10): 2072
[23]	Huang B, Liu M, Bi X H, et al. Phase distribution, sources and risk assessment of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs in a rural site of Pearl River Delta region, China. Atmos Pollut Res, 2014, 5(2): 210
[24]	Wada M, Kido H, Kishikawa N, et al. Assessment of air pollution in Nagasaki city: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives, and some metals. Environ Pollut, 2001, 115(1): 139
[25]	Kojima Y, Inazu K, Hisamatsu Y, et al. Influence of secondary formation on atmospheric occurrences of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles. Atmos Environ, 2010, 44(24): 2873
[26]	Lui K H, Bandowe B A M, Ho S S H, et al. Characterization of chemical components and bioreactivity of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) during incense burning. Environ Pollut, 2016, 213: 524
[27]	Lu K B, Liu S X, Li Z G, et al. Paticulate matter and particle-phase PAHs emission characteristics of the China IV diesel engine. China Environ Sci, 2016, 36(2): 376 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.02.011 陸凱波, 劉雙喜, 李振國, 等. 國Ⅳ柴油機顆粒物與顆粒態多環芳烴排放特征. 中國環境科學, 2016, 36(2):376 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.02.011
[28]	Zheng X, Zhang S J, Wu Y, et al. Measurement of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from gasoline light-duty passenger vehicles. J Clean Prod, 2018, 185: 797
[29]	Agarwal A K, Singh A P, Gupta T, et al. Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines. Environ Sci Processes Impacts, 2020, 22(7): 1540
[30]	Karavalakis G, Gysel N, Schmitz D A, et al. Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 584-585: 1230
[31]	Wang X, Westerdahl D, Hu J N, et al. On-road diesel vehicle emission factors for nitrogen oxides and black carbon in two Chinese cities. Atmos Environ, 2012, 46: 45
[32]	Franco V, Kousoulidou M, Muntean M, et al. Road vehicle emission factors development: A review. Atmos Environ, 2013, 70: 84
[33]	Hao X W, Zhang X, Cao X Y, et al. Characterization and carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in exhaust emission from gasoline passenger cars using on-road measurements in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ, 2018, 645: 347
[34]	Zheng X, Wu Y, Zhang S J, et al. Characterizing particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 10058
[35]	Cao X Y, Hao X W, Shen X B, et al. Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel trucks based on on-road measurements. Atmos Environ, 2017, 148: 190
[36]	Tong H, Kourtchev I, Pant P, et al. Molecular composition of organic aerosols at urban background and road tunnel sites using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Faraday Discuss, 2016, 189: 51
[37]	Zhao T, Yang L X, Huang Q, et al. PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (nitrated-PAHs and oxygenated-PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Qingdao, China: Characteristics, sources and emission factors. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 720: 137521
[38]	Fang X Z, Wu L, Zhang Q J, et al. Characteristics, emissions and source identifications of particle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from traffic emissions using tunnel measurement. Transp Res Part D-Transp Environ, 2019, 67: 674
[39]	Harrison R M, Beddows D C S, Dall'Osto M. PMF analysis of wide-range particle size spectra collected on a major highway. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45(13): 5522
[40]	Wu Y, Yang L, Zheng X, et al. Characterization and source apportionment of particulate PAHs in the roadside environment in Beijing. Sci Total Environ, 2014, 470-471: 76
[41]	Khanal R, Furumai H, Nakajima F, et al. Carcinogenic profile, toxicity and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated from urban road dust in Tokyo, Japan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2018, 165: 440
[42]	Xing W L, Zhang L L, Yang L, et al. Characteristics of PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a roadside air pollution monitoring station in Kanazawa, Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020, 17(3): 805
[43]	Mu?oz M, Haag R, Honegger P, et al. Co-formation and co-release of genotoxic PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and soot nanoparticles from gasoline direct injection vehicles. Atmos Environ, 2018, 178: 242
[44]	Liu Y, Wang S Y, Lohmann R, et al. Source apportionment of gaseous and particulate PAHs from traffic emission using tunnel measurements in Shanghai, China. Atmos Environ, 2015, 107: 129
[45]	Wang Q, Liu M, Yu Y P, et al. Characterization and source apportionment of PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Shanghai city, China. Environ Pollut, 2016, 218: 118
[46]	Zhang Y J, Lin Y, Cai J, et al. Atmospheric PAHs in North Nhina: Spatial distribution and sources. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 565: 994
[47]	Feng B H, Li L J, Xu H B, et al. PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing: Seasonal variations, sources, and risk assessment. J Environ Sci, 2019, 77: 11
[48]	Jang E, Alam M S, Harrison R M. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air using positive matrix factorization and spatial distribution analysis. Atmos Environ, 2013, 79: 271
[49]	Li Q L, Wu J T, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of vehicle emissions on heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in road dust in Xinxiang. Environ Sci, 2019, 40(12): 5258 李琦路, 吳錦濤, 張穎, 等. 新鄉市機動車排放對道路灰塵中重金屬與多環芳烴污染的影響. 環境科學, 2019, 40(12):5258
[50]	Yang X S, Wang Z P, Song Y T. Study on source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate at urban traffic trunks. Environ Sci Technol, 2004, 27(6): 50 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2004.06.021 楊旭曙, 王正萍, 宋艷濤. 城市交通干道區顆粒物中多環芳烴的源解析研究. 環境科學與技術, 2004, 27(6):50 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2004.06.021
[51]	Wang C, Zhang L L, Dao X, et al. Pollution characteristics and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China. China Environ Sci, 2015, 35(1): 1 王超, 張霖琳, 刀谞, 等. 京津冀地區城市空氣顆粒物中多環芳烴的污染特征及來源. 中國環境科學, 2015, 35(1):1
[52]	Yin H, Xu L Y. Comparative study of PM₁₀/PM_2.5-bound PAHs in downtown Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and health risks. J Clean Prod, 2018, 177: 674
[53]	Pratt G C, Herbrandson C, Krause M J, et al. Measurements of gas and particle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air at urban, rural and near-roadway sites. Atmos Environ, 2018, 179: 268
[54]	Gaga E O, Ari A. Gas-particle partitioning and health risk estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at urban, suburban and tunnel atmospheres: Use of measured EC and OC in model calculations. Atmos Pollut Res, 2019, 10(1): 1
[55]	Spezzano P, Picini P, Cataldi D. Gas- and particle-phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two-stroke, 50-cm³ moped emissions. Atmos Environ, 2009, 43(3): 539
[56]	Zhu L Z, Wang J, Du Y, et al. Research on PAHs fingerprints of vehicle discharges. Environ Sci, 2003, 24(3): 26 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2003.03.005 朱利中, 王靜, 杜燁, 等. 汽車尾氣中多環芳烴(PAHs)成分譜圖研究. 環境科學, 2003, 24(3):26 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2003.03.005
[57]	Demir T, Yenisoy-Karakas S, Karakas D. PAHs, elemental and organic carbons in a highway tunnel atmosphere and road dust: Discrimination of diesel and gasoline emissions. Build Environ, 2019, 160: 106166
[58]	Cui M, Chen Y J, Tian C G, et al. Chemical composition of PM_2.5 from two tunnels with different vehicular fleet characteristics. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 550: 123
[59]	Keyte I J, Albinet A, Harrison R M. On-road traffic emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxy- and nitro-derivative compounds measured in road tunnel environments. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 566-567: 1131
[60]	Wang J M, Jeong C H, Zimmerman N, et al. Real world vehicle fleet emission factors: Seasonal and diurnal variations in traffic related air pollutants. Atmos Environ, 2018, 184: 77
[61]	Zielinska B, Sagebiel J, Arnott W P, et al. Phase and size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel and gasoline vehicle emissions. Environ Sci Technol, 2004, 38(9): 2557
[62]	Zhao T. Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Derivatives (NPAHs, OPAHs) in PM_2.5 Emitted from Motor Vehicles [Dissertation]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2020 趙彤. 機動車排放PM_2.5中多環芳烴(PAHs)及其衍生物(NPAHs, OPAHs)污染特征研究[學位論文]. 濟南: 山東大學, 2020
[63]	Ge Y S, Ding Y, Yin H. Research status of real driving emission measurement system for vehicles. J Autom Saf Energy, 2017, 8(2): 111 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2017.02.001 葛蘊珊, 丁焰, 尹航. 機動車實際行駛排放測試系統研究現狀. 汽車安全與節能學報, 2017, 8(2):111 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2017.02.001
[64]	Huang H J, Cai C Y, Yu S Y, et al. Emission behaviors of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolytic disposal of electronic wastes. Chemosphere, 2019, 222: 267
[65]	Zhao T, Yang L X, Huang Q, et al. PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) emitted by gasoline vehicles: Characterization and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 727: 138631
[66]	Lammel G, Kitanovski Z, Kukucka P, et al. Oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air-levels, phase partitioning, mass size distributions, and inhalation bioaccessibility. Environ Sci Technol, 2020, 54(5): 2615
[67]	Ma L X, Li B, Liu Y P, et al. Characterization, sources and risk assessment of PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in Harbin, a cold city in Northern China. J Clean Prod, 2020, 264: 121673
[68]	Albinet A, Leoz-Garziandia E, Budzinski H, et al. Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys - Part 1: Concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning. Atmos Environ, 2008, 42(1): 43
[69]	Wei S L, Huang B, Liu M, et al. Characterization of PM_2.5-bound nitrated and oxygenated PAHs in two industrial sites of South China. Atmos Res, 2012, 109-110: 76
[70]	Li W, Shen G F, Yuan C Y, et al. The gas/particle partitioning of nitro- and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Northern China. Atmos Res, 2016, 172-173: 66
[71]	Harner T, Bidleman T F. Octanol-air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32(10): 1494
[72]	Ringuet J, Albinet A, Leoz-Garziandia E, et al. Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs) adsorbed on natural aerosol particles exposed to atmospheric oxidants. Atmos Environ, 2012, 61: 15
[73]	Zhang J M, Yang L X, Mellouki A, et al. Diurnal concentrations, sources, and cancer risk assessments of PM_2.5-bound PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs in urban, marine and mountain environments. Chemosphere, 2018, 209: 147
[74]	Zhao J B, Zhang J, Sun L N, et al. Characterization of PM_2.5-bound nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of Langfang during periods with and without traffic restriction. Atmos Res, 2018, 213: 302
[75]	Reisen F, Arey J. Atmospheric reactions influence seasonal PAH and nitro-PAH concentrations in the Los Angeles Basin. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39(1): 64
[76]	Lin Y, Qiu X H, Ma Y Q, et al. A novel approach for apportionment between primary and secondary sources of airborne nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs). Atmos Environ, 2016, 138: 108
[77]	Ozaki N, Takemoto N, Kindaichi T. Nitro-PAHs and PAHs in atmospheric particulate matters and sea sediments in Hiroshima Bay Area, Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut, 2010, 207(1-4): 263
[78]	Ratcliff M A, Dane A J, Williams A, et al. Diesel particle filter and fuel effects on heavy-duty diesel engine emissions. Environ Sci Technol, 2010, 44(21): 8343
[79]	Zimmerman N, Wang J M, Jeong C H, et al. Assessing the climate trade-offs of gasoline direct injection engines. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50(15): 8385
[80]	Miersch T, Czech H, Stengel B, et al. Composition of carbonaceous fine particulate emissions of a flexible fuel DISI engine under high velocity and municipal conditions. Fuel, 2019, 236: 1465
[81]	General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of China. GB18351—2017 Ethanol Gasoline for Motor Vehicles (E10). Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2017 中華人民共和國國家質量監督檢驗檢疫總局, 中國國家標準化管理委員會. GB18351—2017車用乙醇汽油(E10). 北京: 中國標準出版社, 2017
[82]	General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of China. GB17930—2016 Gasoline for Motor Vehicles. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2017 中華人民共和國國家質量監督檢驗檢疫總局, 中國國家標準化管理委員會. GB17930—2016車用汽油. 北京: 中國標準出版社, 2016
[83]	Ahmed T M, Bergvall C, Westerholm R. Emissions of particulate associated oxygenated and native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from vehicles powered by ethanol/gasoline fuel blends. Fuel, 2018, 214: 381
[84]	Storey J M, Barone T, Norman K, et al. Ethanol blend effects on direct injection spark-ignition gasoline vehicle particulate matter emissions. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr, 2010, 3(2): 650
[85]	Suarez-Bertoa R, Zardini A A, Keuken H, et al. Impact of ethanol containing gasoline blends on emissions from a flex-fuel vehicle tested over the Worldwide Harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC). Fuel, 2015, 143: 173
[86]	Su H B, Lin H L, Li F, et al. Mechanism study and analysis on emission reduction of pollutants with ethanol gasoline. Chin J Environ Eng, 2015, 9(2): 823 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20150252 蘇會波, 林海龍, 李凡, 等. 乙醇汽油對減少機動車污染排放的機理研究與分析. 環境工程學報, 2015, 9(2):823 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20150252
[87]	Griffin R J, Cocker D R, Seinfeld J H. Incremental aerosol reactivity: Application to aromatic and biogenic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol, 1999, 33(14): 2403
[88]	Odum J R, Jungkamp T P W, Griffin R J, et al. The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline vapor. Science, 1997, 276(5309): 96
[89]	Mu?oz M, Heeb N V, Haag R, et al. Bioethanol blending reduces nanoparticle, PAH, and alkyl- and nitro-PAH emissions and the genotoxic potential of exhaust from a gasoline direct injection flex-fuel vehicle. Environ Sci Technol, 2016, 50(21): 11853
[90]	de Abrantes R, de Assun??o J V, Pesquero C R, et al. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from gasohol and ethanol vehicles. Atmos Environ, 2009, 43(3): 648