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摘要: 首先結合H13鋼的成分特點肯定了H13鋼優異的材料性能，隨后總結了一次碳化物與H13鋼使用壽命之間的關系。進一步系統地論述和研究了H13鋼中一次碳化物的特征，包括二維和三維形貌、熱穩定性、析出機理等。最后對比了4種H13鋼中一次碳化物的控制手段，包括成分優化、冷速控制、Mg處理和稀土處理。相關論述和研究工作能夠對鋼中一次碳化物的合理優化起到一定的啟發作用。Abstract: The H13 steel is widely used in hot rolling, hot extrusion, and hot forging because of its remarkable fatigue resistance performance, hot strength, and impact toughness. To further extend the service life of the steel, the production of high-purity die steel is vital. Carbide-forming elements with a mass fraction of about 8%, including Cr, Mo, and V, are contained in H13 steel to prevent the coarsening of austenite or strengthen the steel through secondary hardening. However, owing to the presence of these elements, primary carbides are easily to be found in H13 steel because of the segregation of carbide-forming elements during solidification. The presence of large primary carbides is one of the main causes of the fatigue crack of H13 steel. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically study the behavior of primary carbides in H13 steel. The excellent material properties of H13 steel were firstly affirmed in combination with the composition characteristics, and then the relationship between the primary carbides and the service life of H13 steel were summarized. The service life of H13 steel reduces with an increase in the primary carbide size. The hazard of primary carbide on the H13 surface steel is much greater than that inside the steel. The characteristics of primary carbides in H13 steel were further systematically discussed, including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphologies, thermal stability and precipitation mechanism. A great difference exits between the 2D and 3D characteristics of primary carbides. In the 2D analyses, the density of the primary carbides appears high, while their size is small. The actual characteristics of primary carbides can be obtained only by 3D observation. Four primary carbide control methods in H13 steel are compared, including composition optimization, cooling rate control, Mg treatment and rare earth treatment. Composition optimization and cooling rate control have been successfully applied in the actual production process. Rare earth treatment may be an effective control method with Chinese characteristics. The relevant discussion and research work in this article can play a certain enlightening role in the rational control of the primary carbides in H13 steel.
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Key words:
- H13 steel /
- primary carbide /
- morphology /
- characteristic /
- control
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圖 1 H13鋼的材料性能與溫度之間的關系。（a）硬度；（b）抗拉強度和屈服強度；（c）伸長率和斷面收縮率；（d）沖擊韌性
Figure 1. Variation of temperature with material properties of H13 steel: (a) hardness; (b) yield and tensile strength; (c) elongation and reduction of area; (d) impact toughness
圖 2 模具鋼的使用壽命與一次碳化物之間的關系. （a）一次碳化物的體積分數與疲勞強度之間的關系；（b）碳化物尺寸與應力應變次數之間的關系
Figure 2. Varaition of service life of die steel with primary carbides: (a) variation of the volume fraction of carbide with the fatigue strength; (b) variation of the number of cycles to failure with the carbide size
圖 3 H13鋼中一次碳化物的二維形貌
Figure 3. Two-dimensional morphology of primary carbide in H13 steel
圖 4 H13鋼中一次碳化物的三維形貌
Figure 4. Three-dimensional morphology of primary carbide in H13 steel
圖 5 H13鋼中最后凝固區域的元素分布
Figure 5. Elements mapping of the last-to-solidify region in H13 steel
圖 8 Si元素的質量分數對于碳化物的影響。（a）淬火后未溶解的碳化物；（b）二次碳化物
Figure 8. Effect of Si content on the carbides in H13 steel: (a) undissolved carbides during quenching; (b) secondary carbides
表 1 Mg元素的質量分數對一次碳化物特征的影響[32]
Table 1. Effect of Mg content on the characteristics of the primary carbide
Mg content/10?6 Number Area/μm2 Maximal size/μm 3 89 1986.48 10.05 14 72 1474.73 9.27 18 56 887.42 8.56 
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