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摘要: 以經典工藝礦物學研究方法為基礎，結合化學物相分析、礦物解離分析(MLA)、X射線衍射、光學顯微鏡、掃描電鏡-X射線能譜儀(SEM-EDS)等手段對印尼典型海砂礦的礦物學及其固態還原特征進行了系統研究。結果表明：印尼海砂礦的礦物組成主要為鈦磁鐵礦、次為少量假象赤鐵礦、赤鐵礦、鈦鐵礦以及輝石等。絕大部分鈦磁鐵礦呈致密單體或鐵的富連生體產出，偶有由固熔體分離析出形成的微細鈦鐵礦片晶。賦存于鈦磁鐵礦中的鐵占總鐵的89.79%、鈦為85.42%、釩則高達97.97%。海砂礦在C/Fe摩爾比1.2、溫度1300 ℃條件下還原60 min可較好實現金屬化。其還原歷程遵循：Fe2.75Ti0.25O4 → FeTiO3, (Fe, Mg)Ti2O5 → (Fe, Mg)Ti2O5 → Fe，穩定的黑鈦石相是影響金屬化程度的主要因素。經固態還原處理Fe元素最終富集于金屬相，V、Ti則賦存于渣中富鈦相，為后續的分離提取創造了有利條件。Abstract: With over 100 billion tons of reserves, the ironsands resource is mainly distributed along the “Belt and Road” countries, such as Indonesia. It is the second largest marine resource inferior to petroleum and natural gas. Ironsands mainly comprise vanadium, titanium, and iron. With advantages of easy mining, low cost, and abundance in polymetallic minerals, the ironsands resource has attracted extensive attention for its extremely high comprehensive recycling value. According to previous studies, solid-state reduction is an efficient approach to a number of processes in complex mineral resources such as ironsands, especially in vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite treatments. In this paper, the process mineralogy and direct reduction characteristics of typical ironsands from Indonesia were studied based on the classical mineralogy method combined with various characterization techniques such as chemical phase analysis, MLA, X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, optical microscopy, and SEM-EDS. Results show that the mineral composition of the ironsands is mainly titanomagnetite, followed by a small amount of pseudo-hematite, hematite, ilmenite, pyroxene, plagioclase, and others. Most titanomagnetites exist as compact monomers or iron-rich aggregates with occasional fine ilmenite flakes formed through solid-melt separation. The iron contained in titanomagnetite phase accounts for 89.79% of the total iron in the ironsands, while titanium and vanadium account for 85.42% of the total titanium and 97.97% of the total vanadium content, respectively. Ironsands can achieve high metallization ratio when they are reduced at 1300 ℃ for 60 min with C/Fe mole ration of 1.2. The reduction course is as follows: Fe2.75Ti0.25O4 → FeTiO3, (Fe, Mg)Ti2O5 → (Fe, Mg)Ti2O5 → Fe. Results reveal that the stable anosovite ((Fe, Mg)Ti2O5) phase is the main factor affecting the final metallization degree of the reduced samples. With solid state reduction treatment, iron is enriched in the metal phase while vanadium and titanium elements are distributed in the titanium-rich phase in the slag. These create favorable conditions for the subsequent separation and extraction process, which consequently lay a firm foundation for the comprehensive utilization of the ironsands.
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圖 3 致密均勻的板狀鈦磁鐵礦掃描電鏡及能譜分析圖
Figure 3. SEM-EDS images of dense and uniform plate-shaped titanomagnetite
圖 4 鈦磁鐵礦（M）與鈦鐵礦（Il）交錯分布掃描電鏡圖及元素面掃描圖
Figure 4. SEM image and map scanning of titanomagnetite (M) and ilmenite (Il) cross distribution
圖 5 鈦磁鐵礦（M）與極微細鈦鐵礦網格狀嵌布的掃描電鏡圖及元素面掃描圖
Figure 5. SEM image and map scanning of titanomagnetite (M) and ultra fine ilmenite grid distribution
圖 6 鈦磁鐵礦（M）與板片狀鈦鐵礦（Il）邊緣嵌連的掃描電鏡圖及元素面掃描圖
Figure 6. SEM image and map scanning of titanomagnetite (M) and plate-shaped ilmenite (Il) edge distribution
圖 7 焙燒制度對海砂礦金屬化還原的影響
Figure 7. Effect of reduction parameters on the metallization of ironsands
圖 9 海砂礦還原過程中樣品的礦相結構照片及位置1處能譜分析(A—金屬鐵，B—富鈦渣相，C—脈石，D—鈦磁鐵礦)
Figure 9. SEM images of reduced ironsands and EDS analysis of spot 1 (A—iron, B—Ti rich phase, C—gangue, D—titanomagnetite)
圖 10 海砂礦還原產物的顯微結構及元素分布狀態
Figure 10. Microstructure and element distribution of reduced ironsands
表 1 印尼海砂礦的主要化學成分（質量分數）
Table 1. Chemical composition of Indonesia ironsands
% TFe FeO Fe2O3 TiO2 V2O5 SiO2 Al2O3 MgO 54.48 29.08 45.27 10.88 0.68 4.01 3.67 3.68 CaO MnO Na2O K2O S P LOI 0.48 0.44 0.079 0.020 0.059 0.027 0.29 
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表 2 印尼海砂礦的粒度組成
Table 2. Size distribution of Indonesia ironsands
Particle size/mm Mass fraction/% >0.15 46.42 0.074–0.15 52.14 0.045–0.074 0.78 <0.045 0.56
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表 3 還原煤的工業分析（質量分數）
Table 3. Proximate analysis of reducing coal
% Moisture Volatiles Fixed carbon Ash 2.64 10.36 75.66 11.34
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表 4 海砂礦中主要目的礦物的解離度
Table 4. Liberation degree of main target minerals in ironsand
Mineral Single particle/% Intergrowth particles/% >3/4 3/4–1/2 1/2–1/4 <1/4 Magnetite 76.62 21.28 1.06 0.70 0.34 Ilmenite 62.35 32.84 1.20 1.33 2.28
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表 5 鈦磁鐵礦和鈦鐵礦連生體與嵌連礦物的比例（質量分數）
Table 5. Intergrowth minerals ratios of titanomagnetite and ilmenite
% Mineral Magnetite Ilmenite Rutile Picrite Quartz Feldspar Phosphorite Others Magnetite 13.73 4.88 43.99 2.98 13.83 10.55 10.04 Ilmenite 67.34 3.47 10.83 0.51 3.28 7.47 7.10
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表 6 樣品中Fe, Ti, V分布平衡概算
Table 6. Estimated results of the Fe distribution balance in the sample
Mineral Mass fraction (MF)/% Fe Ti V MF/% Distribution/% MF/% Distribution/% MF/% Distribution/% Magnetite 83.21 58.92 89.79 11.23 85.42 0.78 97.97 Hematite 6.93 62.11 7.87 8.87 5.62 0.17 1.85 Ilmenite 1.87 35.59 1.22 50.94 8.71 0.06 0.18 Picrite 5.62 10.93 1.12 0.49 0.25 Others 2.37 — — — — — — Total 100.00 54.67 100.00 10.94 100.00 0.64 100.00 Raw ore 54.27 10.88 0.68 Balance index 1.01 1.01 0.94
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