Production analysis and fracturing parameter optimization of shale gas from Zhongmou Block in southern North China Basin
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摘要: 南華北盆地中牟區塊頁巖氣是海陸過渡相頁巖氣的典型代表，以地質模型為基礎，結合理論分析和數值模擬手段，研究了不同儲層參數對水平井開采頁巖氣的采收率、日產氣量以及累計產氣量的影響規律，通過正交設計與多指標分析方法確定了影響頁巖氣產能的主控因素，考慮各主控因素與頁巖氣產能的關系，建立了水平井壓裂條件下的累計產氣量和頁巖氣采收率方程。針對目標壓裂層段，對比分析了不同壓裂參數條件下的頁巖氣產能變化，指出水平井段長度和動用程度是決定產能大小的主要參數。在一定的壓裂級數條件下，裂縫長度的增加可以有效溝通裂縫，從而提高產能。以凈現值大于0和收益率達到8%～12%作為經濟評價指標，優選了3類海陸過渡相頁巖氣壓裂參數。Abstract: Shale gas is a type of unconventional natural gas that can be accumulated in a large area in tight shale and has self-generation and self-storage abilities. The low porosity and low permeability characteristics of shale make its development under natural conditions poor, and large-scale stimulations of its production are needed to achieve economic benefits. Due to the complex geological tectonic conditions in China, three types of organic-rich shale strata, namely, marine facies, marine-continental facies, and continental facies, are developed during the multicycle tectonic evolution. China has made important breakthroughs in the exploration and development of marine shale gas. Considerable effort has also been invested in the exploration of continental shale gas. The exploration and research of marine-continental transitional shale have gradually attracted people’s attention. Marine-continental transitional shales are of importance to the shale gas field. However, research on transitional shale gas exploitation is still in its infancy, and this topic needs to be urgently discussed and solved. Shale gas exploitation seriously restricts the development level of shale gas in China. The shale gas in the Zhongmou Block of the southern North China Basin is a typical representative of marine-continental transitional shale gas, with good gas resources and development prospects. In this study, based on a geologic model, the influences of different reservoir parameters on oil recovery, daily gas production, and cumulative gas production were examined through the integration of theoretical analyses and numerical simulations. The main factors affecting the gas production capacity of shale were determined by an orthogonal design and multi-index analysis. Considering the relationship between main control factors and shale gas production capacity, the cumulative gas production and shale gas recovery equations under the horizontal fracturing condition were established. For the target fracturing zones, the shale gas productions under different fracturing parameters were compared and analyzed, which shows that the horizontal length and producing degree are the main parameters that determine the production capacity. In a certain fracturing condition, the increase in fracture length can effectively communicate natural cracks, thereby increasing production capacity. Taking a net present value greater than 0 and a yield rate ranging from 8% to 12% as the economic evaluation indices, three types of fracturing parameters are optimized for the marine-continental transitional shales.
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圖 1 模型網格劃分。（a）平面網格劃分；（b）縱向網格劃分
Figure 1. Model meshing: (a) plane meshing; (b) vertical meshing
圖 2 數模屬性模型粗化結果。（a）總孔隙度；（b）有效孔隙度；（c）吸附氣含量；（d）游離氣含量；（e）總含氣量；（f）束縛水飽和度
Figure 2. Attribute model coarsening for numerical modeling: (a) total porosity; (b) effective porosity; (c) adsorbed gas content; (d) free gas content; (e) total gas content; (f) irreducible water saturation
圖 3 不同埋深的水平井開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 3. Comparison of development effects with different buried depths: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 4 不同厚度的水平井開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 4. Comparison of development effects with different reservoir thicknesses: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 5 不同孔隙度的水平井開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 5. Comparison of development effects with different porosities: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 6 不同滲透率的水平井開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 6. Comparison of development effects with different permeabilities: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 7 不同吸附氣含量的水平井開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 7. Comparison of development effects with different adsorbed gas contents: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 8 水平井壓裂累計產氣量與儲層主要影響參數的關系。（a）滲透率；（b）孔隙度；（c）厚度
Figure 8. Relationship between cumulative gas production and main influencing parameters: (a) permeability; (b) porosity; (c) thickness
圖 9 水平井壓裂設計示意圖。（a）h1100-3×18；（b）h1300-5×14；（c）h1500-10×10
Figure 9. Schematics of the horizontal well fracturing design: (a) h1100-3×18; (b) h1300-5×14; (c) h1500-10×10
圖 10 不同水平井段長度的開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 10. Comparison of development effects with different horizontal well lengths: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 11 不同水平井段長度在50%動用條件下的開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 11. Comparison of development effects with different horizontal well lengths at 50% utilization: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 12 不同裂縫長度的開采效果對比圖。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 12. Comparison of development effects with different fracture lengths: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 13 不同壓裂級數的開采效果對比。（a）日產氣與累計產氣量；（b）氣體采收率
Figure 13. Comparison of development effects with different fracturing stages: (a) gas rate and cumulative gas; (b) gas recovery
圖 14 不同壓裂設計方案下的NPV值對比
Figure 14. Comparison of NPVs for different fracturing design schemes
圖 15 不同壓裂設計方案下的收益率對比
Figure 15. Comparison of yield rates for different fracturing design schemes
表 1 國內外典型頁巖氣藏的井網井距范圍[8]
Table 1. Well spacing ranges of typical shale gas reservoirs at home and abroad[8]
Block Horizontal length/m Well control area/km2 Average well control area/km2 Average well spacing/m Barnett 1219 0.24–0.65 0.45 280 Haynesville 1402 0.16–2.27 0.5 260 Marcellus 1128 0.16–0.65 0.42 260 Eagle Ford 1494 0.32–2.59 0.6 300 South Sichuan 1448 0.36–1.10 0.65 400–500 
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表 2 儲層模擬參數表
Table 2. Reservoir simulation parameters
Parameter Numerical value Depth/m 2930 Horizontal well length/m 1000 Shale density/(kg·m?3) 2695 Gas viscosity/(Pa·s) 2.01×10?5 Porosity/% 2.6 Matrix permeability/(10?3 μm2) 1.5×10?4 Fracture permeability/(10?3 μm2) 3.25×10?2 Initial reservoir pressure/MPa 41.51 Temperature/K 343.15
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表 3 模擬參數因子水平表
Table 3. Levels of the impact factors for reservoir simulation
Levels Impact factors Buried
depth/mThickness/
mPorosity/
%Permeability/
(10?6 μm2)Adsorbed gas
content/(m3?t?1)1 2600 18 2 1 1.0 2 2700 20 3 5 1.7 3 2800 22 4 10 2.4 4 2900 24 5 100 3.1
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表 4 水平井開采頁巖氣的儲層參數正交設計表
Table 4. Orthogonal optimization design of reservoir parameters for horizontal well exploitation
Levels 影響因子 Productivity/（107 m3） A
Buried depth/mB
Thickness/mC
Porosity/%D
Fracture permeability/(10?3 μm2)E
Adsorbed gas content/(m3?t?1)1 1 1 1 1 1 1.60497 2 1 2 2 2 2 4.05602 3 1 3 3 3 3 6.60769 … … …… … … … … 14 4 2 3 1 4 3.05960 15 4 3 2 4 1 7.60656 16 4 4 1 3 2 5.29045
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表 5 不同儲層參數的正交設計試驗結果
Table 5. Orthogonal design results under different reservoir parameters
Evaluation index Impact factors A
Buried depth/mB
Thickness/mC
Porosity/%D
Fracture permeability/(10?3 μm2)E
Adsorbed gas content/(m3?t?1)L1 24.93148 20.06609 17.06219 10.92723 21.70743 L2 19.75266 19.81059 19.71879 19.40421 20.63355 L3 22.25330 21.87626 23.26006 23.88190 20.75562 L4 21.33711 26.52162 28.23352 34.06120 25.17795 l1 6.23287 5.01652 4.26555 2.73181 5.42686 l2 4.93817 4.95265 4.92970 4.85105 5.15839 l3 5.56332 5.46906 5.81501 5.97048 5.18891 l4 5.33428 6.63040 7.05838 8.51530 6.29449 R 1.295 1.678 2.793 5.783 1.136
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表 6 不同儲層影響參數條件下的累計產氣量
Table 6. Accumulative gas production under different influencing parameters
Permeability Porosity Thickness Permeability/(10?6 μm2) Cumulative gas/（107 m3） Porosity/% Cumulative gas/（107 m3） Thickness/m Cumulative gas/（107 m3） 1 2.94 2 2.42 18 2.69 5 5.14 3 2.69 20 2.94 10 6.53 4 2.94 22 3.17 50 10.70 5 3.17 24 3.38
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表 7 m值計算數據表
Table 7. Calculation data sheet for m
k/(10?6 μm2) Qp/m3 A/m2 h/m ? Sgi Tsc/K Pi/MPa 1 2.94 360000 20 0.04 0.95 297 28 5 5.14 360000 20 0.04 0.95 297 28 10 6.53 360000 20 0.04 0.95 297 28 50 10.7 360000 20 0.04 0.95 297 28 Zi Psc/MPa T/K Pa/MPa Za n m dm/% 0.998 0.1 313 2 0.85 0.3319 4.76 1.21 0.998 0.1 313 2 0.85 0.3319 4.88 ?1.24 0.998 0.1 313 2 0.85 0.3319 4.93 ?2.19 0.998 0.1 313 2 0.85 0.3319 4.73 1.85
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表 8 頁巖氣開發鉆井和壓裂成本數據表
Table 8. Drilling and fracturing cost of shale gas development
Items Cost Gas price (tax excluded)/(Yuan·m?3) 1.18 Operating cost/(Yuan·m?3) 0.35 Period expense/(Yuan·m?3) 0.37 Drilling cost of horizontal section/(Yuan·m?1) 10486 Drilling cost of vertical section/(Yuan·m?1) 3000 Fracturing cost of each stage/(104 Yuan) 96 Commodity rate/% 90 Evaluation period/a 30 Resource tax rate/% 6 Vat rates/% 13 Government subsidy/(Yuan·m?3) 0.23 Discount rate/% 10
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表 9 不同壓裂設計方案下的生產情況統計表
Table 9. Production statistics for different fracturing design schemes
Scheme Fracturing
designHorizontal
length/mFracturing
stageFracture
length/mCumulative
gas/(107 m3)Cost/
YuanIncome/
YuanYield
rate/%NPV/
Yuan1 h1100-3×10 1100 3 10 3.88 23114603 12729131 ?44.93 ?6348843.23 2 h1100-3×14 1100 3 14 3.98 23114603 13651900 ?40.94 ?5828090.51 3 h1100-3×18 1100 3 18 4.06 23114603 14403913 ?37.68 ?5397061.08 … … … … … … … … … … 34 h1500-14×10 1500 14 10 8.30 37869006 38848540 2.59 7400812.79 35 h1500-14×14 1500 14 14 8.44 37869006 40100914 5.89 8422714.02 36 h1500-14×18 1500 14 18 8.55 37869006 41112843 8.57 9259836.49
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表 10 壓裂參數設計方案優選
Table 10. Optimization of fracturing parameter design schemes
Optimization type Fracturing design Cumulative gas/(107 m3) NPV/Yuan Yield rate/% Ⅰ h1300-13×18 8.059 9228246.73 13.89 h1500-10×10 7.831 6434064.82 12.62 h1500-10×14 7.979 7528738.22 16.64 Ⅱ h1100-11×18 6.972 6921110.65 9.17 h1300-13×14 7.9517 8428224.64 11.02 h1500-14×18 8.548 9259836.49 8.57 Ⅲ h1100-5×14 5.436 374418.11 0.62 h1100-5×18 5.542 1017807.02 4.53 h1100-11×10 6.754 5375518.12 2.65 h1100-11×14 6.874 6224066.05 6.25 h1300-13×10 7.817 7452739.96 7.48 h1500-14×10 8.303 7400812.79 2.59 h1500-14×14 8.439 8422714.02 5.89
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