Status and research progress on recovery of platinum group metals from spent catalysts
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摘要: 我國鉑族金屬（Platinum group metals, PGMs）儲量少，消費量大，對外依存度高，PGMs二次資源的回收利用是緩解我國PGMs短缺最重要的途徑。廢催化劑是PGMs最主要的來源，其回收成為研究的熱點。本文詳細介紹了PGMs消費結構與回收現狀，全球PGMs回收量約占原礦產量的20%～30%，且將保持持續增長的趨勢。樣品的精準分析對PGMs回收有至關重要的作用，同時還原、焙燒、機械球磨等預處理能提高PGMs回收率。相對于傳統氰化法和王水溶解，近年來開發出氯化浸出法、超臨界萃取法、載體溶解法等較環保的浸出工藝。盡管部分濕法浸出工藝已經產業化應用，但存在廢水量大、產生有毒氣體及回收率低（特別是Rh）的問題。火法富集是以鉛、銅、鐵、鎳锍為捕集劑，與PGMs形成合金富集，載體熔化造渣。本文對上述富集方法進行了綜述并總結了優缺點，基于現有技術存在的污染嚴重、PGMs回收率不高等問題，展望了PGMs綠色高效回收技術，如活化預處理、協同提取有價金屬和載體利用、賤金屬協同冶煉和鐵捕集–電解等，為從事該領域的科研工作者提供了良好的參考。Abstract: In China, the reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs) are scarce, but the consumption of PGMs is enormous, which has resulted in a high external dependence. As more than 90% of PGMs are used by the catalyst industry, spent catalysts are the most important secondary source. Therefore, recycling PGMs from spent catalysts is the most significant strategy for relieving the risk of shortage in the PGMs supply. In this review, the consumption distribution of PGMs and their recycling status were introduced and recycling technologies were discussed in detail. The volume of recycled PGMs has been estimated to be approximately 20%–30% of the global mine production and this trend is increasing. Sample analysis is considered to be crucial for determining the recovery efficiency of PGMs. Extensive studies have shown that pretreatment methods such as reduction, calcination, and mechanical milling can improve the efficiency of PGMs recovery. Compared with traditional cyanide leaching and aqua regia dissolution, more environmentally friendly leaching methods have been developed in recent years, including chlorination leaching, supercritical fluids extraction, and substrates leaching. However, although some hydrometallurgical processes have been industrialized, their disadvantages include the generation of wastewater, emission of hazardous gases, and low recovery efficiency of Rh, which must be carefully evaluated. Pyrometallurgical methods have been widely used to concentrate PGMs due to the generally low PGMs content in spent catalysts. Lead, copper, iron, and matte are good PGMs collectors, whereby the PGMs form alloys with the collector metals and supporting materials, then enter the slag phase. These melting collection methods were reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages were summarized. Based on the serious environmental problems and low recovery efficiency of PGMs by current technologies, future trends for PGMs recycling have been proposed, including activation pretreatments, co-recovery of valuable metals and carrier materials, base metals synergistic smelting, iron melting capture, and electrolysis. These recycling technologies may indicate the development directions and can serve as effective references for further research in this field.
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圖 1 2007—2018年全球主要國家原生Pt（a）和原生Pd產量（b）
Figure 1. Global mineral production of Pt (a) and Pd (b) during 2007—2018
圖 2 全球Pt和Pd在主要領域的消費結構分布
Figure 2. Main worldwide consumption distributions of Pt and Pd
圖 3 鐵合金物相分析. （a）掃描透射電子顯微鏡微區；（b）能譜成分分析；（c）高分辨透射電鏡；（d）選區電子衍射圖譜
Figure 3. Analysis of Fe-PGMs alloy: (a) STEM; (b) EDS analysis; (c) HRTEM; (d) SAED
表 1 不同廢催化劑的分析方法及結果
Table 1. Determination of PGMs in spent catalysts by various methods
Catalysts (carriers) Elements Analysis methods RSD/% Ref Spent automotive catalysts Pt, Pd, Rh Carius tube+ICP–AES 1～2 [12] HCl–H2O2+ICP–AES 4.5～5.1 [13] Spent catalysts (Al2O3/SiO2) Pt ICP–AES standard curve method <3 [14] Spent Oxo-alcohols Catalyst Rh H2SO4–H2O2–HCl+ICP–OES 0.92 [15] Spent catalysts (SiO2) Rh Chemical vapour generation+ICP–AES 1.6 [16] Spent catalyst (Al2O3/SiO2) Pt, Pd Fire assaying+ICP–AES <2 [17] Spent dehydrogenation catalyst Pt Aqua regia+FAAS <3.45 [18] Spent Pd–C catalyst Pd H2SO4–HNO3+ICP–AES 1.52 [19] 
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表 2 25 ℃ PGMs的標準電極電位
Table 2. Standard electrode potentials of PGMs at 25 ℃
Electrode reactions ε0/V ${\rm{PdBr}}_4^{2 - }$+2e?=Pd+4Br? 0.60 ${\rm{PdCl}}_4^{2 - }$+2e?=Pd+4Cl? 0.62 ${\rm{PdCl}}_6^{2 - }$+2e?=${\rm{PdCl}}_4^{2 - }$+2Cl? 1.29 ${\rm{PtBr}}_4^{2 - }$+2e?=Pt+4Br? 0.58 ${\rm{PtBr}}_6^{2 - }$+2e?=${\rm{PtBr}}_4^{2 - }$+2Br? 0.59 ${\rm{PtCl}}_6^{2 - }$+4e?=Pt+6Cl? 0.74 ${\rm{RhCl}}_6^{3 - }$+3e?=Rh+6Cl? 0.43 ${\rm{PdCN}}_4^{2 - }$+2e?=Pd+4CN? 0.40 ${\rm{PtCN}}_4^{2 - }$+2e?=Pt+4CN? 0.09
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表 3 部分典型賤金屬捕集PGMs工藝
Table 3. Some typical pyrometallurgical processes for PGM recycling
Countries Company names Furnaces Collectors Belgium Umicore Isasmelt furnace Copper America Multimetco DC electrical arc furnace Copper Japan Tanaka Plasma melting furnace Iron England Johnson-Matthey Plasma melting furnace Iron China Sino-Platinum Metals Plasma melting furnace Iron
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