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摘要: 鋅是現代工業所必需的有色金屬，屬于很重要的戰略資源，其在世界所有金屬產量中排名第四，僅次于鐵、鋁和銅。隨著低品位難處理鋅資源的種類和產量的不斷增加，以及濕法冶金技術的不斷發展，鋅的生物浸出技術得到了研究人員的廣泛關注，并展示出了良好的潛在應用前景。本文首先較為詳細的介紹了含鋅資源的礦物特征，并對其生物可浸性進行了分析。其次，對目前鋅的生物浸出體系，所用浸礦菌種，浸出過程所涉及的電化學、熱力學、動力學以及浸出機理進行了歸納總結；接著，對鋅的生物浸出技術現狀和工藝新進展進行了闡述。最后，展望了鋅的生物浸出工藝的發展趨勢及后續的研究熱點。研究表明高效浸鋅菌種的選育馴化、與之相匹配的工藝及裝備研發，是鋅的生物浸出當今研究熱點及未來發展方向。Abstract: Zinc is a nonferrous metal necessary for modern industry and an important strategic resource. It ranks fourth among all metals in terms of world production after iron, aluminum, and copper. Zinc sulfide ore is the most important zinc-producing mineral in the world, followed by associated zinc oxide ore and zinc-containing secondary resources. China is rich in zinc resources. Most of China’s lead–zinc and copper–zinc deposits are mainly lead–zinc integrated deposits, lead–zinc sulfide deposits, and other associated components. These types of mineral resources lead to wastage of resources in the development and utilization processes and affect the subsequent smelting process, which places considerable pressure on the production efficiency and ecological environment. The current mining and metallurgical industry vigorously promotes industrial development and has shifted in the favor of recycling, low-carbon, and green technologies. The biological leaching technology, as a green and low-carbon wet metallurgy technology, meets the current environmental protection policy requirements. This technology uses microorganisms and their metabolites to soak valuable metals in ores and has many advantages such as simple process, environmental protection, and capability to process low-grade ores. With the development of hydrometallurgical technology, the biological leaching technology of zinc from various types of low-grade zinc resources has attracted researchers’ attention and shown considerable application potential. First, this study introduced the mineral characteristics of zinc resources and analyzed their bioleachability. Then, the bioleaching process of zinc was summarized, and the leaching bacteria, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, and leaching mechanism were systemically introduced. Furthermore, the current situation and/or progress of zinc bioleaching technology were generalized. Finally, the development trend of zinc bioleaching process and future research hotspots were considered. This study shows that the breeding of highly efficient bioleaching bacteria and the corresponding technology and equipment inventions are the current research hotspots and can also be the development directions for zinc bioleaching in the future. This will help ensure rapid and effective development of the zinc bioleaching technology.
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Key words:
- zinc /
- bioleaching /
- bacteria /
- reaction mechanism /
- extraction
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圖 2 銅綠假單胞菌電鏡圖（a）和瓊脂平板菌落特征（b）
Figure 2. Electron microscopy image of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a) and agar plate colony characteristics (b)
圖 3 生物活性劑鼠李糖脂單糖（a）和多糖（b）分子結構
Figure 3. Molecular structure of the monosaccharides (a) and polysaccharides (b) of rhamnolipids as bioactive agents
表 1 鋅的生物浸出特點
Table 1. Bioleaching characteristics of zinc
Types Zinc resources Bacterial species Extractant Characteristic Sulfide ore Sphalerite, marmatite, wurtzite Inorganic acidophilic bacteria Fe3+,H2SO4 Short leaching cycle and high efficiency Zinc-containing polymetallic
sulfide oreInorganic acidophilic bacteria Fe3+,H2SO4 Selective priority leaching Smithsonite, zincite, sillizonite, heteropolar Heterotrophic alkaline bacteria Organic acid Need external energy substrate Non-sulfide ore Electronic waste such as zinc-manganese batteries Inorganic acidophilic bacteria, heterotrophic alkaline bacteria Fe3+,H2SO4, Organic acid Need external energy substrate and low efficiency Lead-zinc smelting slag Inorganic acidophilic bacteria, heterotrophic alkaline bacteria Fe3+,H2SO4, Organic acid High acid consumption and high leaching rate Zinc-containing sludge and wastewater Inorganic acidophilic bacteria, heterotrophic alkaline bacteria Fe3+,H2SO4, Organic acid Direct decomposition of organic matter and sulfide 
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表 2 部分常用浸礦細菌特征
Table 2. Some frequently used bioleaching bacteria characteristics
Types Bioleaching bacteria Growth environment Optimum growth pH value Energy substance Oxidation products Inorganic acidophilic bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Acidic 2.5 Fe2+,${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,S0,Sulfide ore Fe3+,${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Leptospirillum ferrooxidans Acidic 1.5?3.0 Fe2+ Fe3+- Acidimirobium ferrooxidans Acidic 2.0 Fe2+ Fe3+ Sulfobacillus thermosul fidooxidans Acidic 2.0 Fe2+,${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,S0,Sulfide ore Fe3+,${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Acidic 1.5?3 ${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,S0,Sulfide ore Thioalklimicrobium Alkaline 9.5?10.0 ${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$, S0,Sulfide ore ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Thiobacillus novellus Alkaline 7.8?9.0 ${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,S0,Sulfide ore ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Thioalkalivibrio Alkaline 10.0?10.2 ${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,Sulfide ore S0 Thiobacillus versutus Alkaline 8.0?9.0 ${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,Sulfide ore ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Alpha proteobacterium Alkaline 8.5?8.8 ${{\rm{S}}_2}{\rm{O}}_3^{2 - }$,Sulfide ore S0 Pseudomonas stutzeri Alkaline 7.5?8.0 Sulfide ore ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Heterotrophic alkaline bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alkaline — C6H12O6,Sulfide ore C2H4O2、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$ Arthrobacter oxydans Alkaline — Organic compound C2H2O4、C3H6O3 Microbacterium sp. Alkaline — Organic compound C2H2O4、C6H12O7 Bacillus megaterium Alkaline 4.0?7.5 Organic compound C6H8O7 Promicromonospora sp. Alkaline — Organic compound C6H12O7
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Number Model Types 1 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = 1 - {(1 - X)^{\frac{2}{3}}}$ Hybrid control model of shrin-king core model (diffusion control; chemical reaction control) 2 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = {[1 - {(1 - X)^{1/3}}]^2}$ Product layer diffusion model 3 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = - \ln (1 - X)$ Hybrid control model (surface reaction control, sulfur layer diffusion control) 4 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = 1 - \dfrac{2}{3}X - {\left( {1 - X} \right)^{{\frac{1}{3}}}}$ Diffusion of porous product layer based on shrinking core model 5 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = \dfrac{1}{3}\ln (1 - X) + [{(1 - X)^{ - \frac{1}{3}}} - 1]$ Interface transfer and product layer diffusion 6 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = 1 - 3{\left( {1 - X} \right)^{\frac{2}{3}}} + 2\left( {1 - X} \right)$ Diffusion of H+ in the product layer of the shrinking core model 7 ${K_{\rm{t}}} = 1 - {(1 - 0.45X)^{1/3}}$ Surface chemical reaction diffusion of shrinking core model
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