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摘要: 5G網絡技術可以滿足賽博空間（Cyberspace）發展對通信平臺性能提出的高要求，大規模MIMO（Multiple-input multiple-output）天線陣列是5G核心技術之一。實際中大規模MIMO天線陣列的互耦效應會大大降低香農容量，在未來5G天線系統中，面臨的最大挑戰是如何有效消除陣列中單元天線間的互耦。針對大規模陣列天線互耦問題，應進行天線單元的散射特性研究。本文在開路狀態下“不可見”的最小散射天線基礎上，推導了最小散射天線串聯四分之一波長透明網絡的散射矩陣，證明該狀態即為短路狀態下的最小散射天線。對一種X波段波紋喇叭天線分別進行短路、開路、匹配三種負載狀態下的散射測量，根據最小散射天線理論分離出了天線的額外散射、伴隨散射和失配散射。用分離獲得的散射分量，推算了波紋喇叭天線的散射最大值和最小值，其中推算出的最小值遠低于天線匹配時的散射。用滑動短路器作為可變負載，進行預設負載狀態下波紋喇叭天線的散射測量，實測獲得了推算出的散射最大值和最小值，驗證了單元天線散射特性研究的正確性。結果說明，在進行大規模陣列的單元天線設計時，除了考慮單元天線的輻射特性之外，也要考慮天線的散射特性，以降低天線的互耦效應。Abstract: 5G network technology can meet the high requirements of cyberspace development in the performance of communication platforms. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) antenna array is one of the core technologies of 5G. The mutual coupling effect of massive MIMO antenna arrays will greatly reduce the Shannon capacity. In future 5G antenna systems, the biggest challenge is how to effectively eliminate the mutual coupling between the antennas in the array. The same antenna radiation pattern may correspond to many different forms of antenna. These different antennas have the same radiation characteristics but different scattering characteristics. To reduce the mutual coupling of large-scale antenna arrays, antenna elements with low scattering characteristics should be selected. To address the mutual coupling problem of large-scale array antennas, the scattering characteristics of antenna elements are studied. On the basis of the “invisible” minimum scattering antenna in the open-circuit state, the scattering matrix of the minimum scattering antenna connected in series with a quarter-wavelength transparent network is deduced. Findings indicate that this setup is the suitable minimum scattering antenna in the short-circuit state. The scattering formulas of a corrugated horn antenna under short-circuit, open-circuit, and matching loads are deduced by using a series network model. On the basis of these formulas, the calculation methods of excess scattering, associated scattering, and mismatched scattering components of the antenna are deduced. Scattering measurements of an X-band corrugated horn antenna under short-circuit, open-circuit, and matching loads are performed. According to minimum scattering antenna theory, the excess scattering, associated scattering, and mismatched scattering of the antenna are separated. Then, the maximum and minimum scattering of the corrugated horn antenna are calculated by using the separated scattering components; the calculated minimum scattering is much lower than the scattering when the antenna matches. Scattering measurements of corrugated horn antenna under preset loads are carried out by using a sliding short-circuit device to apply variable loads. The measured values are consistent with the calculated maximum and minimum scattering values, thereby verifying the correctness of the research on the scattering characteristics of the element antenna. Results show that, in the design of a large-scale array antenna, not only the radiation characteristics of the antenna but also the scattering characteristics of the antenna should be considered to reduce the mutual coupling effect of the antenna.
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圖 2 波紋喇叭天線的三種負載狀態（a）及天線短路、開路和匹配三種狀態的測量結果（b）
Figure 2. Three load states of corrugated horn antenna (a) and measurement results of antenna under short-circuit, open-circuit, and matching states (b)
圖 3 運算得到的匹配散射、帶相移的伴隨散射
Figure 3. Calculated matching scattering and phase-shifted associated scattering
圖 5 開路短路散射和方向圖分別計算的伴隨散射
Figure 5. Associated scattering calculated by open-circuit and short-circuit scattering and pattern, respectively
圖 6 匹配散射、運算得到的帶相移的伴隨散射相位
Figure 6. Phase of matched scattering and calculated associated scattering with phase shift
圖 7 失配散射與伴隨散射抵消示意
Figure 7. Cancellation of mismatched scattering and associated scattering
圖 9 波紋喇叭天線散射的最大值和最小值
Figure 9. Maximum and minimum scattering of corrugated horn antenna
圖 10 驗證天線散射區間用的滑動短路器
Figure 10. Sliding shorter for verifying the scattering range of the antenna
圖 11 滑動短路器的散射. （a）14 mm處；（b）3 mm和13 mm處
Figure 11. Scattering while using sliding shorter: (a) at 14 mm; (b) at 3 and 13 mm
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