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摘要: 主要介紹了稀土資源的重要作用及利用現狀，對我國的稀土礦分布及特征進行概述，并提出稀土開采存在的問題及微生物采礦的優勢。回顧利用微生物進行稀土礦開采的發展進程，總結其研究進展，介紹微生物采礦作用機理的研究，主要包括微生物浸出、吸附和積累稀土元素機理的相關研究，以及稀土礦采礦微生物的分離方法及種屬分布等。以中國白云鄂博礦床和澳大利亞Mount Weld礦床中的礦石為例，說明微生物對礦石中稀土元素的提取作用。簡述微生物對廢棄物中稀土元素的回收作用，及微生物利用稀土元素技術將面臨的挑戰，并對其未來進行了展望。Abstract: As an important resource for the development of modern industry, rare earth elements are widely used in nuclear technology, batteries, permanent magnet, electronic products, catalysis, and superconducting technology, and they have been mined at a considerable large scale. China’s rare earth resources are abundant, and their reserves account for approximately 36.7% of the world’s total reserves. Over the recent years, global rare earth resources are generally faced with over-exploitation, low utilization rates, and serious environmental pollution problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of recovery systems that are inexpensive and cause less pollution. Rare earth elements can be widely involved in the metabolism of compounds in various micro-organisms and may have mining capabilities. The use of microbial technology to mine and recover rare earth resources has provided a novel green and efficient method for the utilization of rare earth resources, and research in related fields has continued intensify. This paper primarily introduced the important role and utilization status of rare earth resources, summarized the distribution and characteristics of rare earth minerals in China, and identified the problems associated with rare earth mining and the advantages of microbial mining. Furthermore, it reviewed the development process of rare earth mining using micro-organisms, summarized its research progress, and introduced the research mechanism of microbial mining, primarily including related research on the mechanism of microbial leaching, adsorption and accumulation of rare earth elements, separation methods, species distribution, and mechanism action of rare earth ore mining microorganisms. Considering minerals of the Bayan Obo deposit in China and the Mount Weld deposit in Australia as examples, the extraction of rare earth elements from ore by microbes selected from the surrounding environment has been explained. Moreover, the recovery of rare earth elements in low-grade ore and waste by micro-organisms has been briefly described. Based on the current status of microbial mining of rare earth ore, future challenges and prospects of microbial utilization of rare earth elements have been proposed.
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圖 1 中國稀土礦產量及資源分布示意圖.（a）中國稀土年產量在世界年產量的占比;（b）中國稀土資源分布圖
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of China’s rare earth mine production and resources distribution: (a) percentage of China’s rare earth annual production in the world; (b) distribution of rare earth resources in China
圖 2 稀土元素的生物浸出機制.（a）接觸機制;（b）非接觸機制;（c）合作機制Ⅰ;（d）合作機制Ⅱ
Figure 2. Bioleaching mechanism of rare earth elements: (a) contact mechanism; (b) non-contact mechanism; (c) cooperative mechanism I; (d) cooperative mechanism II
表 1 應用于稀土元素提取的微生物種類
Table 1. Microbial species applied to rare earth element extraction
微生物菌種 參考文獻 反應類型 嗜酸氧化亞鐵硫桿菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans），產氣腸桿菌(Enterobacter aerogenes) [65] Ce, La, Nd, Pr,和Y的生物浸出 放線菌（Micrococcus sp.），小單胞菌（Micromonospora sp.），鏈霉菌（Streptomyces sp.） [52] Ce，La或Y的生物浸出 假單胞菌（Pseudomonas sp.） [58] La的生物吸附 土壤桿菌HN1（Agrobacterium sp. HN1） [59] La和Ce的生物吸附 單針藻（Monoraphidium sp.），青霉菌（Penicillium sp.） [60] Nd的生物吸附 地衣芽孢桿菌（Bacillus lichenifomis），枯草芽孢桿菌（B. subtilis），
短桿菌（Brevibacterium helovolum），紅色球菌（Rhodococcus elythmpolis）[42] Sm的積累 Penidiella sp. T9 [25] Dy的積累 煙草節桿菌（Arthrobacter nicotianae） [55] Sm的積累 
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