Effect of ultrasonic outfield on solidification rules of ZL205A aluminum alloy under different temperature-control states
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摘要: 采用不同的超聲外場處理熔體工藝, 研究了其對鑄錠質量的作用機理與改善效果. 針對保溫(750℃)和空冷(從750℃空冷7 min 10 s至約650℃)兩種不同溫控狀態下的ZL205A鋁合金熔體, 分別進行相同參數的超聲場處理, 研究超聲場對凝固組織的影響規律, 并利用力學拉伸實驗進行驗證. 研究結果表明: 在保溫狀態下對熔體施加超聲處理, 具有較好的除氣與改善第二相組織分布的效果; 在空冷狀態下施加超聲處理則可以消除集中縮孔, 顯著細化晶粒; 當在保溫和空冷條件下全程采用超聲處理, 鑄錠內部質量的改善效果最佳. 力學性能的測試結果與鑄錠凝固組織的變化規律具有一致性, 驗證了上述結論. 綜上, 對不同溫控狀態下的熔體施加超聲處理, 對熔體凝固過程的影響不同, 對鑄錠內部質量的改善效果也各有側重.Abstract: Since the development of the aviation industry, improving the flight performance and reducing the weight of aircrafts has always been the goal pursued by aviation designers. Therefore, it becomes increasingly important to develop a new alloy material with high hardness, high strength, and light weight. To obtain excellent mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance, a new kind of alloy material, ZL205A alloy, was developed by the Beijing Institute of Aerial Materials (BAM) in the 1960s. Owing to its favorable mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance, ZL205A alloy has been well applied in the aviation industry. However, this kind of Al alloy still possesses some undesirable solidification defects: shrinkage, porosities, coarsening grains, and solute segregation. Ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) provides a means to eliminate or modify these defects. In the present work, the effects of UST on ZL205A alloy were investigated for two conditions, i.e., before casting and during solidification in ambient environment. Then, the effects of ultrasonication on the as-cast microstructures and the tensile properties were accordingly characterized and analyzed. For the case in which UST was only introduced before casting (holding temperature at 750℃), degassing and the distribution of secondary phases were modified. For the case in which UST was only introduced when cooling from 750℃ for 7 min 10 s to about 650℃, grain refinement and reduced porosities were generated. When UST was continuously employed for both conditions, the above properties were further improved compared with those of ingots without ultrasonic treatment. The mechanical tensile test results show that the improvement of the ingot internal structure can improve the ingot mechanical tensile properties, which proves the correctness of the above research results. Thus, UST carried out at two different conditions induced different regulatory functions and influencing mechanisms. This study shows that the UST of ZL205A aluminum alloy in different melt states has different emphases on improving the internal structure of the ingot.
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Key words:
- ultrasonic treatment /
- ZL205A aluminum alloy /
- shrinkage performance /
- solidification structure /
- melt
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圖 2 鑄錠內部宏觀形貌圖. (a) 1#鑄錠; (b) 2#鑄錠; (c) 3#鑄錠; (d) 4#鑄錠
Figure 2. Macroscopic morphology of as-cast ingot: (a) 1# ingot; (b) 2# ingot; (c) 3# ingot; (d) 4# ingot
圖 3 晶粒組織及平均直徑. (a) 1#鑄錠; (b) 2#鑄錠; (c) 3#鑄錠; (d) 4#鑄錠; (e) 晶粒平均直徑柱狀圖
Figure 3. Structures and average diameter of grain: (a) 1# ingot; (b) 2# ingot; (c) 3# ingot; (d) 4# ingot; (e) the histogram of average grain sizes
圖 5 超聲波除氣原理示意圖. (a) 空化泡體積膨脹; (b) 吸氫成為氣泡; (c) 氫氣逸出
Figure 5. Schematic illustration of ultrasonic degassing: (a) volume expansion of cavitation bubble; (b) hydrogen absorption as bubbles; (c) hydrogen evolution
圖 6 鑄錠組織微觀形貌及第二相組織占比圖. (a) 1#鑄錠; (b) 2#鑄錠; (c) 3#鑄錠; (d) 4#鑄錠; (e) 第二相組織占全圖面積比例柱狀圖
Figure 6. Micromorphology of ingot structure and proportion of second phase structure area: (a) 1# ingot; (b) 2# ingot; (c) 3# ingot; (d) 4# ingot; (e) second phase organization accounts for the total area ratio of the histogram
圖 7 普通共晶組織和粗大共晶組織掃描電鏡形貌和能譜圖. (a) 普通共晶組織; (b) 普通共晶組織能譜; (c)粗大共晶組織; (d) 粗大共晶組織能譜
Figure 7. SEM morphology and EDS spectra of common second-phase and coarse copolymer structures: (a) ordinary eutectic structure; (b) EDS spectrum of common eutectic structure; (c) coarse eutectic structure; (d) gross eutectic EDS spectrum
圖 8 力學拉伸實驗結果. (a) 平均抗拉強度和平均屈服強度柱狀圖; (b) 平均延伸率柱狀圖
Figure 8. Mechanical tensile test results: (a) histogram of average tensile strength and average yield strength; (b) average elongation histogram
圖 9 拉伸斷口微觀組織形貌. (a) 1#鑄錠; (b) 2#鑄錠; (c) 3#鑄錠; (d) 4#鑄錠
Figure 9. Fracture morphology of tensile parts: (a) 1# ingot; (b) 2# ingot; (c) 3# ingot; (d) 4# ingot
表 1 實驗用ZL205A鋁合金材料成分(質量分數)
Table 1. Aluminum alloy composition of ZL205A in experiment ?
% Cu Mn Ti Cd V Zr Zn Al 4.9 0.48 0.2 0.19 0.12 0.08 0.08 余量 
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表 2 鑄錠處理工藝對照表
Table 2. Comparison of experimental samples
鑄錠編號 超聲預處理 空冷超聲處理 1# 2# 時長20 min 3# 時長6 min 4# 時長20 min 時長6 min
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