Optimization of the effect and formulation of different coarse aggregates on performance of the paste backfill condensation
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摘要: 甘肅金川銅鎳礦似膏體充填料漿水化凝結時間遲緩、粗骨料離析程度大，嚴重影響充填漿體的質量。本文以金川二礦區全尾砂、廢石和棒磨砂為實驗材料，采用全面實驗設計法，研究不同質量分數、粗骨料及尾骨比（全尾砂與粗骨料質量比）對膏體充填凝結性能、抗壓強度和流變特性的影響規律。實驗結果表明：全尾砂–粗骨料膏體中，粗骨料的比表面積和化學成分（活性MgO和CaO）是影響凝結時間的主要因素；凝結時間隨尾骨比增加而縮短，屈服應力隨尾骨比增加而增加，塑性黏度（全尾砂–廢石、全尾砂–棒磨砂膏體）隨尾骨比增加而增加；全尾砂–廢石膏體抗壓強度優于全尾砂–廢石–棒磨砂膏體抗壓強度；最短凝結時間及最佳抗壓強度（全尾砂–廢石膏體、尾骨比5∶5）比礦用凝結時間和抗壓強度分別縮短2.1 h和增加33%以上。最后對凝結性能進行單目標及多目標回歸優化，多目標回歸優化表明：全尾砂–廢石–棒磨砂膏體最佳凝結時間為270～300 min、尾骨比10∶6∶6～10∶7∶7、屈服應力為167.0～169.0 Pa；全尾砂–棒磨砂膏體最佳凝結時間為300～330 min、尾骨比10∶14～10∶16、屈服應力為164.0～167.0 Pa，滿足礦山生產要求。Abstract: Hydration and setting time of paste-like backfill slurry in the Gansu Province’s Jinchuan copper and nickel mine is slow, and the degree of segregation of coarse aggregate is high, seriously affecting the quality of cemented paste backfill. In this paper, by taking the unclassified tailings, waste rock and rod milling sand in Jinchuan’s No. 2 mining area as the experimental materials, and adopting the comprehensive test design method, the effects of different mass fraction, coarse aggregates and tailings-coarse aggregate ratio (mass ratio of unclassified tailings to coarse aggregate) on the setting performance, unconfined compressive strength and rheological properties of cemented paste backfill were studied. The experimental results show that the coarse aggregate's specific surface area and chemical composition (active MgO and CaO) in the unclassified tailings-coarse aggregate paste are the main factors influencing the setting time. Increasing the tailings-coarse aggregate ratio decreased the setting time of the paste backfill theory. Increasing the tailings-coarse aggregate ratio increased the yield stress of paste backfill slurry. With the increase in the tailings-coarse aggregate ratio, the plastic viscosity of paste backfill slurry (unclassified tailings-waste rock, unclassified tailings-waste rock-rod milling sand paste) increased. The unconfined compressive strength of the unclassified tailings-waste rock paste is better than that of the unclassified tailings-waste rock-rod milling sand paste. The shortest setting time and the best unconfined compressive strength (the unclassified tailings-waste rock paste, tailings-coarse aggregate ratio 5∶5) were reduced by 2.1 h, individually. They were also increased by more than 33% relative to the setting time, and unconfined compressive strength of the mine. Finally, the setting performance was optimized for single-objective and multi-objective regression. The multi-objective regression optimization showed that optimum setting time for the unclassified tailings-waste rock-rod milling sand paste was approximately 270 to 300 min, while for the unclassified tailings waste rock rod milling sand was approximately 10∶6∶6–10∶7∶7 and yield stress was about 167.0 to 169.0 Pa. The optimum setting time of the unclassified tailings-rod milling sand paste was found to be about 300–330 min for the single-objective regression, the unclassified tailings rod milling sand was approximately 10∶14–10∶16, and yield stress was about 164.0–167.0 Pa, which met the mine production requirements.
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圖 2 不同因素下料漿初凝時間。（a）質量分數；（b）尾骨比
Figure 2. Initial setting time of slurry with different factors: (a) mass fractions; (b) tailings-aggregate ratios
圖 3 不同質量分數初凝時間和抗壓強度。（a）初凝時間；（b）抗壓強度
Figure 3. Initial setting time and compressive strength of different mass fractions: (a) initial setting time; (b) compressive strength
圖 4 不同尾骨比屈服應力與塑性黏度。（a）屈服應力；（b）塑性黏度
Figure 4. Yield stress and plastic viscosity of different tailings-aggregate ratios: (a) yield stress; (b) plastic viscosity
圖 5 凝結時間與3、7及28 d抗壓強度擬合曲線。（a）全尾砂–廢石；（b）全尾砂–廢石–棒磨砂；（c）全尾砂–棒磨砂
Figure 5. Fitting curve of setting time and compressive strength in 3 d, 7 d and 28 d: (a) unclassified tailings-waste rock; (b) unclassified tailings-waste rock-rod milling sand; (c) unclassified tailings-rod milling sand
圖 6 屈服應力和塑性黏度與凝結時間擬合曲線。（a）全尾砂–廢石；（b）全尾砂–廢石–棒磨砂；（c）全尾砂–棒磨砂
Figure 6. Fitting curves of yield stress, plastic viscosity and setting time: (a) unclassified tailings-waste rock; (b) unclassified tailings-waste rock-rod milling sand; (c) unclassified tailings-rod milling sand
表 1 物料化學成分(質量分數)
Table 1. Chemical constituents of materials
% Materials SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3 Fe2O3 SO3 K2O TiO2 MnO Loss Unclassified tailings 34.20 3.73 32.71 5.04 19.14 3.37 0.39 0.33 0.00 1.09 Waste rock 36.71 16.39 27.22 6.81 7.17 2.58 1.95 0.54 0.12 0.51 Rod milling sand 75.75 3.58 1.05 10.95 2.35 1.45 2.50 0.33 0.00 2.04 
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表 2 礦物活性評價指標公式
Table 2. Formula of mineral activity evaluation index
Evaluation Alkalinity rate Activity rate Mass index Formula ${M_0}{\rm{ = }}\dfrac{{m{\rm{(CaO)}} + m({\rm{MgO}})}}{{m({\rm{Si}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}) + m({\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}})}}$ ${M_{\rm{a}}}{\rm{ = }}\dfrac{{m({\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}})}}{{m({\rm{Si}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}})}}$ $K = \dfrac{{m({\rm{CaO}}) + m({\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}}) + {\rm{MgO}}}}{{m({\rm{Si}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}) + m({\rm{Ti}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}) + m({\rm{MnO}})}}$ Value M0>1: alkaline slag
M0=1: neutral slag
M0<1: acid slagMa>0.25: high activity
0.15<Ma <0.25: moderate activity
Ma<0.15: low activityK>1.9: high active slag
1.2<K<1.9: moderate active slag
K<1.2: low active slag
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表 3 粗骨料粒徑組成(質量分數)
Table 3. Particle size distribution of coarse aggregate
% Particle size content –0.3 mm +0.3 ~ –0.45 mm +0.45 ~ –2 mm +2 ~ –4.75 mm +4.75 ~ –10 mm +10 ~ –15 mm +15 mm Waste rock 5.67 8.92 10.31 19.73 38.60 6.12 10.64 Rod milling sand 17.56 16.37 33.53 16.43 10.28 2.06 3.78 River sand 23.93 27.70 19.77 19.67 7.83 0.93 0
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表 4 膏體凝結性能試驗設計方案
Table 4. Test design of condensation performance of paste backfill
Phases Proportioning Raw materials Mass fraction / % Phase 1 5∶2.5∶2.5 River sand–waste rock–rod milling sand 75 5∶2.5∶2.5 River sand–waste rock–rod milling sand 76 5∶2.5∶2.5 River sand–waste rock–rod milling sand 77 5∶2.5∶2.5 River sand–waste rock–rod milling sand 78 5∶2.5∶2.5 River sand–waste rock–rod milling sand 79 5∶2.5∶2.5 River sand–waste rock–rod milling sand 80 Phase 2 6∶4 Unclassified tailings–waste rock 77 5∶5 Unclassified tailings–waste rock 77 4∶6 Unclassified tailings–waste rock 77 6∶4 Unclassified tailings–rod milling sand 77 5∶5 Unclassified tailings–rod milling sand 77 4∶6 Unclassified tailings–rod milling sand 77 6∶2∶2 Unclassified tailings–waste rock–rod milling sand 77 5∶2.2∶2.5 Unclassified tailings–waste rock–rod milling sand 77 4∶3∶3 Unclassified tailings–waste rock–rod milling sand 77
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