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摘要: 通過浮選試驗、DLVO理論計算、聚焦光束反射測量（FBRM）等研究了油酸鈉浮選體系下粒度大小對赤鐵礦和石英浮選分離的影響。人工混合礦浮選試驗表明，窄粒級粗粒或中等粒級的赤鐵礦?石英混合礦（CH&CQ和MH&CQ）的浮選效果較好，其中CH&CQ和MH&CQ的分選效率分別為85.49%和84.26%，明顯高于全粒級混合礦（RH&RQ）的分選效率74.94%；但窄粒級的細粒赤鐵礦?石英混合礦（FH&FQ）的浮選效果則較差，其分選效率只有54.98%。浮選動力學試驗表明，赤鐵礦的浮選速率和回收率不僅與赤鐵礦的粒度有關，還受石英粒度的影響，細粒脈石礦物石英會降低赤鐵礦的浮選速率和回收率。DLVO理論計算表明，當礦漿pH值為9.0時，石英與赤鐵礦顆粒間的相互作用力為斥力，此時細粒石英很難“罩蓋”在赤鐵礦表面并通過這種“直接作用”的方式抑制赤鐵礦浮選，這也與聚焦光束反射測量（FBRM）的測定結果基本一致；顆粒?氣泡碰撞分析表明，在浮選過程中細粒石英可能通過“邊界層效應”的方式跟隨氣泡升浮（夾帶作用），影響赤鐵礦顆粒與氣泡間的碰撞及黏附，從而降低了赤鐵礦的浮選速率和回收率。Abstract: Generally, the flotation performance of mineral particles in a wide size range is usually poor, which can be attributed to the high reagent consumptions and low floatability differences between valuable and gangue minerals. Classification flotation is an effective method for improving the flotation efficiency of particles in a wide size range and is commonly used for coal slime. However, for refractory iron ores, the literature on the relative technology and basic theory of classification flotation, which are necessary and beneficial for the effective utilization of refractory iron ore resources, is scarce. In this study, flotation tests, DLVO theory calculations, and focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) particle size analysis were used to analyze the effect of particle size distribution on the flotation separation of hematite and quartz in the sodium oleate system. The flotation results of artificial mixtures show that the flotation performance of coarse or medium hematite–quartz mixture (such as CH&CQ and MH&CQ) with a narrow size range is better than that of the wide size range mixtures. The separation efficiency of CH&CQ and MH&CQ is 85.49% and 84.26%, respectively, which is higher than that of the wide size range mixtures (74.94%). However, the separation efficiency of fine hematite–quartz mixture with a narrow size range (FH&FQ) decreases to 54.98%. The flotation kinetic tests demonstrate that the flotation rate and recovery of hematite are not only related to the particle size of hematite but also influenced by the particle size of quartz. The fine quartz particles could reduce the hematite flotation rate and recovery. The DLVO theory calculations demonstrate that the interaction energies between hematite and quartz are repulsive, indicating that fine quartz particles scarcely cover the hematite surface to depress floatability, which is consistent with the FBRM results. The bubble–particle collision analysis indicates that the collision between hematite and bubbles might be influenced by the “boundary layer” effects of fine quartz particles, resulting in the decreased bubble–particle efficiency of collision and attachment, which may explain the decrease in hematite flotation rate and recovery.
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Key words:
- hematite /
- quartz /
- flotation separation /
- particle size /
- DLVO theory
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圖 1 赤鐵礦和石英的X射線衍射圖。（a） 赤鐵礦；（b） 石英
Figure 1. X-ray diffraction spectra of hematite and quartz: (a) hematite; (b) quartz
圖 2 礦物粒度的累積分布曲線。（a） 赤鐵礦；（b） 石英
Figure 2. Cumulative particle distributions of minerals: (a) hematite; (b) quartz
圖 3 赤鐵礦?石英混合礦浮選分離原理和藥劑制度示意圖
Figure 3. Schematic of the flotation separation principle and reagent regime for hematite–quartz mixtures
圖 4 聚焦光束反射測量系統示意圖
Figure 4. Schematic of the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) system
圖 5 粒度對赤鐵礦?石英混合礦浮選分離的影響（pH，9.0；油酸鈉，每噸400 g）
Figure 5. Influence of particle size on the separation of hematite and quartz (pH, 9.0; sodium oleate, 400 g per ton)
圖 6 石英粒度對粗粒級赤鐵礦（CH）浮選的影響（pH，9.0；油酸鈉，每噸400 g）
Figure 6. Influence of quartz particle size on the flotation of hematite (CH) (pH, 9.0; sodium oleate, 400 g per ton)
圖 7 石英粒度對中等粒級赤鐵礦（MH）浮選的影響（pH，9.0；油酸鈉，每噸400 g）
Figure 7. Influence of quartz particle size on the flotation of hematite (MH) (pH, 9.0; sodium oleate, 400 g per ton)
圖 8 石英粒度對細粒級赤鐵礦（FH）浮選的影響（pH，9.0；油酸鈉，每噸400 g）
Figure 8. Influence of quartz particle size on the flotation of hematite (FH) (pH, 9.0; sodium oleate, 400 g per ton)
圖 9 不同粒度組成的赤鐵礦?石英混合礦的提質分離曲線（pH，9.0；油酸鈉，每噸400 g）
Figure 9. Upgrading curves of hematite–quartz mixtures with different particle sizes (pH, 9.0; sodium oleate, 400 g per ton)
圖 10 礦物的Zeta電位與pH的關系曲線（油酸鈉，30 mg·L?1）
Figure 10. Relationship between zeta potentials and pH values (sodium oleate, 30 mg·L?1)
圖 11 赤鐵礦與石英顆粒間的相互作用力VTD
Figure 11. Interaction energies VTD between hematite and quartz particles
圖 12 赤鐵礦?石英混合礦的粒度分布特性隨時間變化的關系曲線（pH, 9.0；攪拌速度，500 r·min?1；油酸鈉（30 mg·L?1）在180 s處加入到礦漿中）
Figure 12. Particle/aggregate size distribution of hematite–quartz mixtures as a function of stirring time (pH, 9.0; stirring speed, 500 r·min?1; sodium oleate （30 mg·L?1） was added at 180 s)
表 1 單礦物化學多元素分析結果（質量分數）
Table 1. Chemical element analysis results of single minerals
% Minerals TFe FeO SiO2 Al2O3 MgO CaO P S Hematite 68.17 0.43 1.65 0.28 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.05 Quartz 0.02 — 99.22 0.04 — 0.05 — — 
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