Mechanism of fines migration in low-salinity waterflooding and its development effect
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摘要: 低礦化度水驅作為一種經濟可行的精細化注水技術, 其產生的微粒運移機理能有效地改變儲層物性與吸水剖面, 進而達到均衡驅替和提高采收率的效果.本文基于膠體穩定性Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)理論與擴散雙電層理論, 從微觀角度分析了注入水礦化度、離子價型等因素對黏土微粒受力與運移量的影響, 通過最大滯留體積分數方程建立了微粒運移量與滲透率損傷程度間的關系.針對縱向非均質油藏特高含水期層間干擾嚴重的問題, 開展了特高含水期轉注低礦化度水驅的數值模擬研究.微粒受力分析與數值模擬結果表明, 特高含水期轉注低礦化度水后, 分流量較多的高滲層會產生大量的黏土微粒水化膨脹、運移與堵塞作用, 造成高滲層滲透率明顯下降, 注入水被更多地分流到水驅程度較小的中、低滲層, 有效地調節了吸水剖面并緩解了層間干擾問題, 相比常規海水驅可提高約3%的原油采收率, 進而達到提高層間均衡動用程度與原油采收率的效果.Abstract: In recent years, low-salinity waterflooding has become the focus of research in the petroleum industry owing to its enormous advantages, including high efficiency in displacing oils, ease of injection into oil-bearing formations, easy access and operation of water, and low investment and pollution, all of which are more cost-effective compared to other enhanced oil recovery methods. Numerous experimental studies and field trials of sandstone and carbonate rocks have proven that low-salinity waterflooding can enhance oil recovery effectively due to various mechanisms, including fines migration and mineral dissolution, increased pH effect and reduced interfacial tension, multicomponent ion exchange, and double-layer expansion. As an important mechanism of low-salinity waterflooding, fines migration induced by lowering injected water salinity can effectively change reservoir quality and injection profile, thereby achieving equilibrium displacement and enhance oil recovery. Several models and mathematical equations that describe particle release and capture have been proposed by many scholars in previous studies, and the maximum retention concentration function of fine particles is considered to be the most effective method for describing fines migration. Based on the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and electric double-layer theory of colloid stability, the effect of injected water salinity and ion valence on the clay particle force and particle migration concentration were analyzed from the microcosmic view in this paper, and the relationship between the particle migration concentration and the permeability impairment was established through maximum concentration of attached fine particles. Aiming at the problem of interlayer interference in vertically heterogeneous reservoir, the numerical simulation of low-salinity waterflooding was carried out in high water-cut stage. Force analysis and numerical simulation results show that the high-permeability layer with high injected water flow rate will cause the hydration, expansion, migration, and clogging of a large amount of clay particles, leading to a marked permeability decline in the high-permeability layer. More injected water is diverted into low-permeability and middle-permeability layer with low sweep efficiency. The injection profile and interlayer interference is relieved. Therefore, the production degree of reservoirs and cumulative oil recovery improve by approximately 3% beyond conventional seawater flooding.
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圖 1 砂巖油藏孔隙中黏土微粒運移示意圖
Figure 1. Schematic of the clay fines migration in sandstone reservoirs pore space
圖 2 擴散雙電層結構與表面電勢分布示意圖
Figure 2. Schematic of electric double layer and surface potential distri-bution
圖 3 吸附在巖石表面黏土顆粒受力與力矩平衡示意圖
Figure 3. Forces and torque balance for the clay particle attached to the rock surface
圖 4 不同礦化度、離子組成、pH值及黏土成分下Zeta電勢. (a) 巖石骨架表面; (b) 黏土顆粒表面
Figure 4. Zeta potentials at pore surface (a) and fines surface (b) with different salinity, ion composition, pH values, and clay
圖 5 不同礦化度下的Zeta電勢與表面電勢比值分布曲線
Figure 5. Curves of Zeta potential to surface potential ratio at a different ion concentrations
圖 6 不同離子價型下的Zeta電勢與表面電勢比值分布曲線
Figure 6. Curves of Zeta potential to surface potential ratio at different ion valences
圖 7 不同離子礦化度下的勢能變化曲線
Figure 7. Curves of potential energy at a different ion concentrations
圖 9 不同離子價下靜電力與礦化度關系曲線
Figure 9. Relationship between electrostatic force and salinity at differ- ent ion valences
圖 10 不同離子價下微粒遷移體積分數與礦化度關系曲線
Figure 10. Relationship between strained concentration and salinity at different ion valences
圖 11 不同離子價型下的滲透率損傷程度與礦化度關系曲線
Figure 11. Relationship between permeability damage and salinity at different ion valences
圖 12 不同微粒粒徑下的滲透率及滲透率損傷程度變化曲線
Figure 12. Change of permeability and permeability damage degree un-der different particle sizes
圖 13 分配到各層的分流量隨時間變化曲線
Figure 13. Change of the injected fluid flowing fraction into each layer at the different time
圖 14 高礦化度水驅與低礦化度水驅采出程度對比
Figure 14. Comparison of high salinity waterflooding and low salinity waterflooding degree of reserve recovery
相互反應的介質 哈梅克常數/J 玻璃/水/空氣 － 1. 595 × 10 -20 玻璃/水/原油 1. 080 × 10 -20 石英/水/原油 8. 316 × 10 -21 石英/水/空氣 － 9. 860 × 10 -21 石英/水/石英 1. 210 × 10 -20 
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