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摘要: 總結了國內外中錳鋼研究現狀, 對文獻中中錳鋼的成分設計、成型工藝、熱處理工藝、組織性能調控等進行匯總分析, 得到了合金元素、成型工藝、微觀組織結構和熱處理對力學性能的影響規律, 并對中錳鋼的性能例如lüders帶和PLC帶對加工硬化率的影響、氫致延遲開裂性能給予了重點關注和討論; 同時提出借鑒第二代先進高強鋼(純奧氏體相)"層錯能"這一控制形變模式的概念, 對中錳鋼中奧氏體相的形變模式提出預測; 最后對目前中錳鋼研究的爭議問題、發展前景及未來可能面對的問題進行闡述.Abstract: Medium manganese steels with the 3%-12% manganese content have outstanding tensile strength and elongation and low production cost. Thus, they are considered as third-generation advanced high-strength steels for automobiles. The research and development prospects and application potential of medium manganese steel in automotive parts have attracted wide attention both in China and overseas. After the medium manganese is deformed by forging or rolling, heat treatments such as quenching, tempering, and intercritical annealing is performed to obtain metastable austenite and ultra-fine ferrite/martensite microstructures. Metastable austenite transforms to martensite under flow stress, resulting in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, which may be accompanied by twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP); the steel consequently exhibits good plasticity without sacrificing strength and thus meets the processing requirement of automobile parts with complex structures. The product of tensile strength and elongation of hot-rolled medium manganese steel, with chemical composition of Fe-0.2C-10Mn-4Al, under quenching and tempering can be larger than 70 GPa·%, which is higher than the current literature value. This paper summarized the current research status of medium manganese steel in China and abroad and analyzed the mechanical properties data of medium manganese steel with different chemical compositions, deformation process, and heat treatment process in the literature. The influence of the chemical composition, deformation process, and heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties was discussed. The influences of special properties of medium manganese steels, such as lüders band and PLC band, on work hardening rate and hydrogen-induced delayed cracking properties were comprehensively discussed. Moreover, based on deformation control and prediction via the stacking fault energy of the second-generation advanced high-strength steel with pure austenite microstructure, the paper presented a deformation prediction model of the austenite phase in the medium manganese steel. Finally, the paper discussed the problems and prospects of the medium manganese steel.
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圖 1 中錳鋼性能關系統計(數據來源于表 1). (a) 延伸率-強度關系; (b) 強塑積-奧氏體體積分數關系; (c) 強塑積-抗拉強度關系: (d) 強塑積-延伸率關系
Figure 1. Relation between the mechanical properties of medium Mn steels(data from Table 1): (a) elongation vs tensile strength; (b) product of tensile strength and total elongation vs γR; (c) product of tensile strength and total elongation vs tensile strength; (d) product of tensile strength and total elongation vs elongation
圖 2 中錳鋼性能與Mn含量的關系(數據來源于表 1). (a) 抗拉強度-Mn質量分數; (b) 延伸率-Mn質量分數; (c) 奧氏體體積分數-Mn質量分數; (d) 強塑積-Mn質量分數
Figure 2. Relations between mechanical properties and Mn content of medium Mn steels: (a) elongation vs manganese content; (b) elongation vs manganese content; (c) γR vs manganese content; (d) product of tensile strength and total elongation vs manganese content
圖 3 Fe-9Mn冷軋450 ℃回火6 h試樣沿著單個位錯線性區域(①是垂直于位錯的元素含量分布，位錯處錳偏聚；②沿著位錯方向直徑2 nm圓柱體內Mn元素的分布)[31]
Figure 3. 1D concentration analyses along cylindrical regions of interest of individual dislocations in Fe-9Mn alloy, 50% cold-rolled tempered at 450 ℃ for 6 h (① indicates region perpendicular to the marked concentration profiles and ② indicates region along the dislocations with cylinder diameters of 2 nm)[31]
圖 4 中錳鋼性能與Al含量的關系(數據來源于表 1). (a) 強度-Al質量分數; (b) 延伸率-Al質量分數; (c) 奧氏體體積分數-Al質量分數; (d) 強塑積-Al質量分數
Figure 4. Relations between mechanical properties and Al content of medium Mn steels: (a) tensile strength vs aluminum content; (b) elongation vs aluminum content; (c) γR vs aluminum content; (d) product of tensile strength and total elongation vs aluminum content
圖 5 幾種典型的中錳鋼金相組織. (a) 10Mn1.6Al冷軋中錳鋼(寶鋼); (b) 0.2C4.72Mn中錳鋼退火12 h軋制壓下量77.5%[9]; (c) 0.2C-1.6Al-6.1Mn中錳鋼625 ℃淬火組織[51]; (d) 0.2C-0.63Si-4.99Mn-3.03Al中錳鋼700 ℃退火1 h[24]
Figure 5. Typical SEM microstructures of the medium Mn steels: (a) 10Mn1.6Al cold-rolled medium Mn steel (Baosteel); (b) 0.2C4.72Mn medium Mn steel annealed at 650 ℃ for 12 h and rolled at 650 ℃ with thickness reduction of 77.5%[9]; (c) 0.2C-1.6Al-6.1Mn medium Mn steel quenched at 625 ℃[51]; (d) 0.2C-0.63Si-4.99Mn-3.03Al medium Mn steel annealed at 700 ℃ for 60 min[24]
圖 6 中錳鋼兩種典型加工熱處理工藝(α：鐵素體γ：奧氏體δ：高溫鐵素體). (a) 低鋁(無高溫鐵素體)中錳鋼臨界退火工藝圖; (b) 高鋁(含高溫鐵素體)熱軋中錳鋼淬火回火工藝圖
Figure 6. Typical process and heating treatments of medium Mn steels (α: ferrite, γ: austenite, δ: ferrite): (a) annealing process of lower aluminum (without δ-Fe) medium Mn steel; (b) quenching+tempering process of higher aluminum (with δ-Fe) hot-rolling medium Mn steel
圖 7 Fe-10.1Mn-6.3Al-0.3C中錳鋼700、800、900和1000 ℃退火10 min, 拉伸速率10-4 s-1對應的工程應力-應變曲線(a)和應變硬化率-真應變曲線(b)[11]
Figure 7. Engineering stress vs strain (a) and strain hardening rate vs true strain (b) of Fe-10.1Mn-6.3Al-0.26C steel annealed at 700, 800, 900 and 1000 ℃ for 10 min at a strain rate of 10-4 s-1[11]
圖 8 在Q&P中錳鋼馬氏體板條之間薄膜奧氏體的Mn, Cr, Si和C元素分布，右圖為α′和γ界面處放大圖(γ和α′分別代表殘余奧氏體和馬氏體)[60]
Figure 8. Mn, Cr, Si, and C concentration profiles of film-like austenite in Q&P-processed medium Mn steel, the right picture is the magnify of the interface of α′ and γ in the left picture (γ and α′ represent retained austenite and martensite, respectively)[60]
圖 10 中錳鋼M7B預充氫慢拉伸應力-應變曲線(十字頭位移)圖
Figure 10. Engineering stress-strain curves(crosshead displacement) of H-charged M7B
圖 11 M7B鋼在不同預應變條件下σ/σ0與tc關系曲線
Figure 11. M7B with different pre-strain degrees σ/σ0 vs tc
表 1 不同成分中錳鋼工藝與力學性能
Table 1. Processes and mechanical properties of medium Mn steel with different elemental compositions
序號 成分 工藝 屈服強度/MPa 抗拉強度/MPa 延伸率/% 強塑積/(GPa·%) γR/% 參考文獻 1 Fe-0.17C-6.6Mn-1.1Al-0.05Nb-0.22Mo-0.03N CR+IA 1082 1472 26 38.3 39 [3] 2 Fe-0.2C-5Mn F+IA 650 1150 35 40 40 [4] 3 Fe-0.18C-11Mn-3.8Al CR+IA+Q 727 998 67 66.9 63 [5] 4 Fe-0.2C-11Mn-2Al HR+QT 1400 32 44.8 82 [6] 5 Fe-0.2C-11Mn-4Al HR+QT 890 40 35.6 72 [6] 6 Fe-0.2C-11Mn-6Al HR+QT 520 670 65 43.6 46 [6] 7 Fe-0.2C-12.4Mn-0.9Si-5.2Al CR+IA 543 760 45 34.2 47.3 [7] 8 Fe-0.23C-8.1Mn-5.3Al CR+IA 561 949 54 51.2 39.5 [7] 9 Fe-11Mn-3.8Al-0.18C HR+QT 1201 34.6 41.6 65 [8] 10 Fe-0.2C-5Mn F+WR 1130 1296 29 37.6 34 [9] 11 Fe-0.2C-5Mn F+IA 620 1015 39.3 39.8 36 [10] 12 Fe-10.1Mn-6.3Al-0.26C HR+IA 600 808 43 34.7 43 [11] 13 Fe-0.2C-5Mn F+IA 960 45 43.2 34 [12] 14 Fe-0.18C-10.62Mn-4.06Al-0.03Nb HR+QT 587 1012 48 48.6 78 [13] 15 Fe-8Mn-0.4C-3Al-2Si-0.2V HR+IA 950 1100 46 50.6 [14] 16 Fe-10Mn-0.2C HR+QT 700 1100 40 44 34 [15] 17 Fe-0.2C-6Mn-3.2Al HR+QT 942 35.4 33.3 33 [16] 18 Fe-0.2C-6Mn-1.6Al HR+QT 1040 40.8 42.4 58 [16] 19 Fe-0.2C-6Mn-1.6Al CR+QT 1000 1060 47 49.8 75 [17] 20 Fe-7.9Mn-0.14Si-0.05Al-0.07C WR+IA 910 1600 29 46.4 37 [18] 21 Fe-0.1C-5Mn-2Si WR+Q+IA 1150 29 33.4 [19] 22 Fe-0.18C-11Mn-3.8Al CR+Q 650 899 70 62.9 66 [20] 23 Fe-0.16C-6.57Mn-1.1Al-0.05Nb-0.22Mo-0.03N CR+IA 1138 1224 33 40.4 30 [21] 24 Fe-0.18C-6.4Mn-2.8Al-0.1V HR+IA 752 52.7 39.6 33 [22] 25 Fe-0.2C-10.3Mn-2.9Al CR+Q 1560 26 40.6 46.7 [23] 26 Fe-0.20C-4.99Mn-0.63Si-3.03Al HR+IA 922 61 56.2 32 [24] 27 Fe-0.3C-6.0Mn-1.5Si-3.0Al CR+IA 1131 58 65.6 50 [25] 28 Fe-0.1C-5Mn CR+IA 641 722 47.75 34.5 [26] 29 Fe-0.1C-5Mn CR+IA 730 830 36.5 30.3 10 [26] 30 Fe-7Mn-0.14C-0.23Si CR+IA 782 1012 42.3 42.8 31 [27] 31 Fe-0.2C-10Mn-4Al HR+QT 635.7 889.6 79.6 70.8 51 * 32 Fe-0.2C-10Mn-2Al HR+QT 449.0 1681.3 22.4 37.7 * 33 Fe-0.2C-6Mn-3Al-0.58Si HR+IA 650.2 855 68.1 58.2 33.3 * 34 Fe-0.2C-10Mn-2Al WR+IA+CR+T 1101.4 1332.9 33.0 44.0 * 35 Fe-0.47C-10Mn-2Al-0.7V WR+IA+CR+T 2200 2200 16 35.2 15 [28] 36 Fe-9Mn-3Ni-1.4Al-0.01C HR+IA 900 33.5 30.2 [29]△ 37 Fe-9Mn-0.05C CR+IA 1060 1193 25 29.8 37 [30] 38 Fe-8.46Mn-0.0075C CR+IA 820 84 68.9 [31]△ 注：γR代表殘余奧氏體體積分數；HR代表熱軋；CR代表冷軋；Q代表淬火；T代表回火；IA代表臨界區退火；F代表鍛造；WR代表溫軋；*代表本實驗室正在進展的工作；△代表機械性能數據為原文曲線讀取. 
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表 2 M7B鋼在不同預應變條件下應力門檻值與臨界氫濃度關系
Table 2. Stress threshold vs critical H concentration of M7B under different pre-strain degrees
預應變量 殘奧體積分數/% 歸一化門檻應力值，σ/σ0 門檻應力，σHIC/MPa 門檻應力下氫質量分數，C0/10-6 0 23.2 0.62 626 255.2 0.05 12.2 0.18 184 102.1 0.15 7.2 0.16 153 75.4
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