典型釩礦冶煉廠區域土壤重金屬污染及陸生植物富集能力

邵慧琪; 張又文; 曲琛; 厲文輝; 趙妍珺; 劉凝; 蔡寒梅; 吳傳東; 劉杰民

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.04.23.001

典型釩礦冶煉廠區域土壤重金屬污染及陸生植物富集能力

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.04.23.001

1.
北京科技大學化學與生物工程學院，北京 100083
2.
北京市勞動保護科學研究所，北京 100054

基金項目: 國家重點研發計劃資助項目（2016YFC0700600，2016YFC0700603）；國家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專項資助項目（2015ZX07205-003）；國家自然科學基金資助項目（21878018）；中央高校基本科研業務費專項資助項目（FRF-MP-19-012）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail：liujm@ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: X53
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2019-04-23
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-01

Analysis of heavy metal contamination in the soil and enrichment capabilities of terrestrial plants around a typical vanadium smelter area

1.
School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing 100054, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: liujm@ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 植物修復是土壤重金屬污染修復的重要手段。為了探明南水北調工程中線水源地土壤污染狀況并對其進行修復，本研究以湖北省朝北河和典型釩礦冶煉廠為對象，按季節采集該區域土壤（樣本量n = 14）和當地優勢陸生植物（樣本量n = 113），使用微波消解?電感耦合等離子體質譜(ICP?MS)測定V、Cr、As和Cd重金屬含量，根據內梅羅指數法綜合評價了土壤污染程度，評估了各種植物對四種重金屬的富集能力。結果表明，朝北河采樣點中排污口與河水交匯處土壤中重金屬Cd含量較高；釩礦冶煉廠原礦堆放區V超標近83倍，Cr、As和Cd重金屬超標兩倍以上，土壤受到嚴重污染；其他采樣點均受到不同程度的重金屬污染。植物重金屬富集能力和耐受性評價結果表明，鼠麴草、密葉飛蓬、一年蓬對四種重金屬耐受性極強，小蓬草、白茅、少花龍葵、野菊、白車軸草、稗是V、Cr和Cd的超富集植物，蜈蚣草、構樹對As的富集能力極強，野艾蒿對Cr和Cd的富集能力較強，丁香蓼和日本毛連菜分別對Cr和V具有較強的耐受性和富集特異性，委陵菜和垂序商陸對Cd具有較強的富集能力和特異性。五種優勢植物盆栽實驗表明，苧麻在復合金屬污染條件下耐受性最強，委陵菜富集能力最強。
- 土壤 /
- 重金屬污染 /
- 超富集植物 /
- 富集能力 /
- 耐受性
Abstract: Phytoremediation is an important means of soil heavy metal pollution remediation. In order to figure out the soil pollution status of the water source in the middle line of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project and repair it, soil samples (n = 14) and local dominant terrestrial plants (n = 113) were collected in typical areas around Chaobei River and the typical vanadium smelter in Hubei Province in four seasons. Microwave digestion–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP?MS) was applied to analyze the concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in soils and plants. Soil pollution levels were evaluated on the basis of the Nemerow index method. The enrichment capabilities of plants for the four heavy metals were also analyzed. Results show that the heavy metal content of soil around the junction of the sewage outfall and the river is the highest among the seven sampling sites around Chaobei River. The concentration of V in the raw ore stacking area exceeds the limit by approximately 83 times and the concentrations of Cr, As, and Cd exceed the limit by approximately 2 times, which make the soil in the raw ore stacking area heavily contaminated. The soils in the six other sampling sites in the smelter are polluted in different degrees. The results of the evaluation of the enrichment and tolerance capabilities indicate that Gnaphalium affine, Erigeron multifolius, and Erigeron annuus have the highest tolerance capability for the four heavy metals. Conyza canadensis, Imperata cylindrica, Solanum photeinocarpum, Dendranthema indicum, Trifolium repens, and Echinochloa crusgalli are the hyperaccumulators for V, Cr, and Cd. The enrichment capabilities of Pteris vittata and Broussonetia papyrifera for As are extremely high. Moreover, Artemisia lavandulaefolia has a high enrichment capability for Cr and Cd, Ludwigia prostrata and Picris japonica have prominent tolerance and enrichment specificities for Cr and V, and Potentilla chinensis and Phytolacca americana have obvious enrichment capabilities for Cd specifically. The pot experiments of five local dominant terrestrial plants illustrate that, under the composite heavy metal contaminant conditions, Boehmeria nivea has the highest tolerance capability and Potentilla chinensis has the highest enrichment capability.
- soil /
- heavy metal contaminant /
- hyperaccumulator /
- enrichment capability /
- tolerance capability

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圖 1 采樣點分布示意圖. （a）朝北河；（b）冶煉廠

Figure 1. Sampling site distribution: (a) Chaobei River; (b) smeltery

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圖 2 采樣點土壤重金屬分布. （a）朝北河V和Cr；（b）朝北河As和Cd；（c）冶煉廠V和Cr；（d）冶煉廠As和Cd

Figure 2. Heavy metal concentration distribution in soil samples: (a) V and Cr in Chaobei River; (a) As and Cd in Chaobei River; (c) V and Cr in smeltery; (d) As and Cd in smeltery

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圖 3 當地優勢陸生植物種類統計. （a）科目分類；（b）生活型分類

Figure 3. Classifications of the local dominant terrestrial plants based on: (a) family; (b) life form

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圖 4 不同采樣季節植物種類統計. （a）科目分類；（b）生活型分類

Figure 4. Classifications of the local dominant terrestrial plants in four sampling seasons based on: (a) family; (b) life form

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圖 5 五種植物株高隨時間變化曲線圖

Figure 5. Plant height variation of five plants the local dominant terrestrial

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表 1 微波消解程序

Table 1. Operating conditions for samples in the microwave digestion system

Digestion steps	Target temperature/℃	Heating-up time/min	Holding time/min	Power/W
1	120	5	5	800
2	150	5	5	800
3	180	5	35	800

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表 2 采樣點土壤pH值

Table 2. Soil pH values in the sampling sites

Locations	Sampling sites
Locations	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Chaobei River	8.18	8.16	8.27	8.46	8.05	8.05	8.01
Smeltery	8.43	7.64	8.18	8.05	8.51	8.12	8.24

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表 3 內梅羅指數法污染等級劃分標準

Table 3. Grading standards of pollution using the Nemerow index method

P	< 1	1～2	2～3	3～5	> 5
Grade	Clean	Slightly polluted	Polluted	Heavily polluted	Severely polluted

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表 4 采樣點土壤重金屬污染程度

Table 4. Heavy metal pollution levels of soils collected from the sampling sites

Sampling sites		V		Cr		As		Cd
Sampling sites		P_i	Pollution degree	P_i	Pollution degree	P_i	Pollution degree	P_i	Pollution degree
Chaobei River	C1	0.13	Clean	0.05	Clean	0.16	Clean	0.28	Clean
	C2	0.13	Clean	0.05	Clean	0.19	Clean	0.31	Clean
	C3	0.13	Clean	0.04	Clean	0.19	Clean	0.23	Clean
	C4	0.25	Clean	0.08	Clean	0.20	Clean	0.33	Clean
	C5	0.36	Clean	0.10	Clean	0.22	Clean	1.17	Slightly polluted
	C6	0.12	Clean	0.04	Clean	0.20	Clean	0.26	Clean
	C7	0.32	Clean	0.06	Clean	0.19	Clean	0.22	Clean
Smeltery	S1	0.49	Clean	0.12	Clean	0.56	Clean	0.44	Clean
	S2	0.86	Clean	0.50	Clean	0.47	Clean	0.57	Clean
	S3	0.75	Clean	0.18	Clean	0.61	Clean	0.57	Clean
	S4	3.81	Heavily polluted	1.43	Slightly polluted	0.79	Clean	1.96	Slightly polluted
	S5	2.26	Polluted	0.33	Clean	0.46	Clean	0.83	Clean
	S6	83.85	Severely polluted	6.02	Severely polluted	2.26	Polluted	7.67	Severely polluted
	S7	2.79	Polluted	0.41	Clean	0.41	Clean	0.95	Clean

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表 5 當地優勢陸生植物對V、Cr、As和Cd富集能力

Table 5. Enrichment capabilities of the local dominant terrestrial plants with respect to V、Cr、As and Cd

Plants	V		Cr		As		Cd		Life form
Plants	Maximum concentration in plants/(mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Maximum concentration in plants/(mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Maximum concentration in plants/(mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Maximum concentration in plants/(mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Life form
Conyza canadensis	548.13	3.73	259.19	9.58	3.09	0.28	2.95	12.11	Annual herb
Gnaphalium affine	2404.22	0.18	305.43	0.45	4.42	0.18	41.62	4.05	Annual herb
Erigeron multifolius	1075.68	0.08	224.99	0.33	2.44	0.10	53.39	5.20	Perennial herb
Erigeron annuus	1046.06	0.08	292.15	0.43	5.18	0.21	21.62	2.10	Annual herb
Imperata cylindrica	449.01	3.05	142.73	6.54	2.62	0.28	2.28	6.72	Perennial herb
Taraxacum mongolicum	580.80	3.95	62.53	0.65	0.89	0.07	1.03	1.15	Perennial herb
Picris japonica	256.79	0.55	34.16	0.56	3.19	0.25	1.51	1.97	Perennial herb
Trifolium repens	135.01	0.53	123.64	4.00	7.66	0.88	0.67	2.76	Perennial herb
Echinochloa crusgalli	131.90	1.98	107.47	2.43	8.01	0.64	0.60	1.29	Annual herb
Solanum photeinocarpum	121.63	2.40	352.61	3.69	7.04	0.26	10.23	11.44	Annual herb
Pteris vittata	13.94	0.41	302.80	9.79	94.29	10.81	0.33	0.99	Others
Artemisia lavandulaefolia	16.58	0.49	102.14	5.98	1.08	0.10	0.75	2.97	Perennial herb
Setaria viridis	56.45	0.26	120.42	1.07	1.96	0.10	0.40	0.24	Annual herb
Ludwigia prostrata	15.66	0.31	141.96	4.59	0.84	0.10	0.26	0.48	Annual herb
Artemisia sacrorum	7.32	0.43	25.95	1.04	2.94	0.34	1.29	5.30	Perennial herb
Dendranthema indicum	82.43	1.63	77.65	2.51	1.43	0.15	0.66	1.24	Perennial herb
Broussonetia papyrifera	16.14	0.47	34.12	2.21	78.29	6.96	0.21	1.04	Arbor
Arthraxon lanceolatus	5.19	0.15	15.67	1.02	0.36	0.03	0.19	0.97	Perennial herb
Cirsium setosum	9.78	0.15	46.55	1.05	1.28	0.10	0.97	1.30	Perennial herb
Daucus carota	5.95	0.17	17.40	1.13	1.19	0.11	0.49	2.42	Annual herb
Kalimeris integrifolia	21.27	0.13	73.82	1.80	1.31	0.13	1.04	1.28	Perennial herb
Picrasma quassioides	3.47	0.20	18.31	1.65	0.99	0.11	1.54	6.31	Arbor
Artemisia argyi	6.15	0.26	34.77	1.40	1.37	0.16	1.20	2.23	Perennial herb
Fargesia spathacea	3.44	0.20	55.12	1.78	0.37	0.04	0.08	0.30	Shrub
Populus × canadensis	2.38	0.03	2.86	0.17	0.16	0.02	1.84	7.58	Arbor
Robinia pseudoacacia	16.14	0.11	14.09	0.52	0.46	0.04	0.60	1.31	Arbor
Potentilla chinensis	78.45	0.14	22.71	0.30	0.70	0.06	20.36	10.57	Perennial herb
Buddleja davidii	1.45	0.04	16.62	0.17	0.20	0.02	0.29	1.09	Shrub
Cayratia japonica	2.09	0.12	8.50	0.77	0.47	0.05	0.55	2.28	Perennial herb
Artemisia scoparia	79.83	0.64	20.82	0.57	1.71	0.13	3.80	3.23	Perennial herb
Synurus deltoides	12.02	0.71	8.72	0.79	0.35	0.04	0.28	1.16	Perennial herb
Salix babylonica	0.46	0.03	1.01	0.09	0.14	0.02	2.12	8.72	Arbor
Grewia biloba	3.93	0.08	4.84	0.16	0.18	0.02	0.67	1.25	Shrub
Conyza sumatrensis	20.86	0.12	25.48	0.27	0.70	0.03	0.99	1.11	Annual herb
Senecio scandens	5.47	0.03	52.82	0.55	0.76	0.03	0.95	1.06	Perennial herb
Phytolacca americana	5.99	0.04	13.92	0.15	0.32	0.01	8.90	9.95	Perennial herb
Kochia scoparia	48.90	0.23	26.92	0.24	1.41	0.07	1.72	1.03	Annual herb
Abutilon theophrasti	7.27	0.11	36.53	0.83	0.75	0.06	0.46	1.00	Annual herb
Rostellularia procumbens	36.10	0.54	19.63	0.44	1.23	0.10	1.03	2.22	Annual herb
Cynoglossum zeylanicum	7.07	0.01	7.91	0.02	0.27	0.02	5.37	2.79	Perennial herb
Saussurea japonica	18.20	0.36	25.17	0.57	0.66	0.05	1.55	3.34	Annual herb
Saccharum arundinaceum	20.70	0.04	5.61	0.09	0.19	0.02	0.06	0.08	Perennial herb
Coriaria nepalensis	1.88	0.06	1.52	0.10	0.29	0.03	0.09	0.44	Shrub
Rubus coreanus	5.59	0.16	2.75	0.18	0.62	0.06	0.09	0.43	Shrub
Arthraxon hispidus	18.17	0.09	44.22	0.50	3.64	0.28	0.39	0.45	Annual herb
Lespedeza daurica	10.41	0.01	22.40	0.23	0.73	0.06	0.27	0.27	Shrub
Indigofera bungeana	12.30	0.06	18.79	0.17	0.79	0.04	0.28	0.24	Shrub
Juncus effusus	1.58	0.05	5.62	0.36	0.17	0.01	0.12	0.59	Perennial herb
Ziziphus jujuba	3.05	0.003	8.80	0.05	0.30	0.02	0.15	0.13	Arbor
Physocarpus amurensis	17.21	0.12	14.54	0.54	0.73	0.07	0.14	0.42	Shrub
Nicotiana tabacum	0.81	0.05	2.98	0.27	0.26	0.03	0.09	0.35	Annual herb
Humulus scandens	1.88	0.04	16.88	0.55	0.36	0.04	0.12	0.22	Annual herb
Humulus scandens	0.62	0.01	3.87	0.13	0.18	0.02	0.09	0.16	Arbor
Boehmeria nivea	0.75	0.01	4.82	0.16	0.28	0.03	0.19	0.36	Shrub
Cyclosorus acuminatus	2.30	0.05	12.30	0.40	0.42	0.05	0.19	0.36	Others
Cunninghamia lanceolata	0.60	0.01	4.97	0.16	0.19	0.02	0.11	0.21	Arbor
Rhus chinensis	1.04	0.02	7.35	0.24	0.28	0.03	0.12	0.23	Arbor
Amygdalus persica	0.63	0.01	8.26	0.19	0.16	0.01	0.07	0.16	Arbor
Rumex japonicus	1.70	0.03	9.91	0.32	0.16	0.02	0.15	0.29	Perennial herb
Bidens frondosa	0.50	0.01	3.38	0.11	0.23	0.03	0.11	0.21	Annual herb
Paulownia kawakamii	0.33	0.01	3.90	0.04	0.06	0.00	0.05	0.06	Arbor

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表 6 五種植物富集系數測定結果

Table 6. Enrichment coefficients of the five local dominant terrestrial plants

Plants	V		Cr		As		Cd
Plants	Concentration/ (mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Concentration/ (mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Concentration/ (mg·kg^?1)	BCF	Concentration/ (mg·kg^?1)	BCF
Trifolium repens	59.48	0.12	561.36	1.87	398.11	6.63	3.60	0.72
Potentilla chinensis	868.81	1.74	2743.44	9.15	3772.08	62.87	33.28	6.66
Artemisia lavandulaefolia	45.07	0.09	346.62	1.15	28.25	0.47	2.95	0.59
Imperata cylindrica	429.35	0.86	1046.52	3.49	246.37	4.11	1.86	0.37
Boehmeria nivea	65.59	0.13	180.71	0.61	1170.06	19.50	3.96	0.79

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