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摘要: 基于高溫合金617B的組織演變模型，采用DEFORM-2D有限元軟件構建了617B合金管材的熱擠壓模擬計算過程，對高溫合金617B的熱擠壓特征進行了分析，并實現了管坯溫度、晶粒尺寸等的定量預測.在結合生產實際的基礎上，提出了包括溫度準則、載荷準則、組織精確控制準則等在內的組織可控的可擠出性準則，對準則的控制原理和實施過程進行了闡述，并采用該類準則對617B合金的熱擠壓工藝參數范圍進行優化，順利得到了軸向形狀尺寸均勻，表面質量較好的高溫合金617B管材.該方法的提出和驗證，為鎳基高溫合金無縫管材的生產提供了工藝優化的理論依據和研究方法.Abstract: Nickel-base superalloy 617B is one of the most promising candidates for superheater and reheater pipes of advanced ultra-supercritical (AUSC) power plants.Hot extrusion is a key process during the manufacturing of superalloy 617B pipes.However, the high content of alloying elements in superalloy 617B makes microstructure control difficult during the hot extrusion process.Furthermore, to date, no systematical theoretical investigation has been conducted in the hot extrusion process control of superalloy 617B.Hence, in this work, the hot extrusion process of superalloy 617B tube was studied by finite element simulation using DEFORM-2D finite element software.The microstructure evolution during hot extrusion was considered by combining the microstructure evolution model of superalloy 617B and finite element simulation software.The microstructure evolution model was programmed using FORTRAN language and was developed using the finite element simulation software.The hot extrusion characteristics of superalloy 617B were systematically analyzed by the simulation.As a result, the evolution of temperature, grain size, and loading could be predicted quantitatively.At the same time, to optimize the hot extrusion parameters, microstructure-based hot extrusion control principles, including temperature principle, loading principle, precise microstructure control principle, were proposed considering practical hot extrusion process.Moreover, the control mechanism and application process of these principles were elaborated in detail in this paper.The hot extrusion parameters of superalloy 617B tube were optimized based on the proposed microstructure-based hot extrusion control principles.Under the guidance of the microstructure-based hot extrusion control principles, superalloy 617B tube with uniform axial dimension and good surface quality was extruded successfully in the factory.The practical extrusion result agrees well with the simulated one.Therefore, the establishment and validation of the simulation method and microstructure-based hot extrusion control principles can provide theoretical guidance for the hot extrusion process optimization of nickel-base superalloy tube in practical applications.
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Key words:
- ultra-supercritical /
- pipe /
- hot extrusion /
- microstructure control /
- process optimization
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圖 1 高溫合金617B熱擠壓模擬的幾何模型
Figure 1. Geometric model for hot extrusion simulation of superalloy 617B
圖 2 高溫合金617B熱擠壓結束時管坯及荒管溫度分布. (a) 壓余; (b) 變形區; (c) 荒管
Figure 2. Temperature distribution of superalloy 617B billet and tube after hot extrusion: (a) discard; (b) deformation zone; (c) tube
圖 3 載荷隨擠壓時間變化及擠壓不同階段坯料應力變化
Figure 3. Evolution of loading with extrusion time and the stress distribution in billet at different periods of hot extrusion
圖 4 不同擠壓速度下高溫合金617B管坯和荒管溫度分布. (a) 50 mm·s-1; (b) 100 mm·s-1; (c) 200 mm·s-1
Figure 4. Temperature distribution in billet and tube during hot extrusion of superalloy 617B with different extrusion speeds: (a) 50 mm·s-1; (b) 100mm·s-1; (c) 200 mm·s-1
圖 5 高溫合金617B擠壓結束時管坯心部最低溫度與擠壓速度關系
Figure 5. Relationship between the temperature of billet center after hot extrusion and extrusion speed
圖 6 高溫合金617B熱擠壓過程中峰值載荷隨擠壓速度變化
Figure 6. Variation of peak loading with extrusion speed of superalloy 617B during hot extrusion
圖 7 擠壓速度對高溫合金617B荒管壁厚心部晶粒尺寸的影響
Figure 7. Effect of hot extrusion speed on the grain size of tube for su-peralloy 617B
圖 8 管坯預熱溫度對高溫合金617B熱擠壓影響. (a) 最高溫度和最大溫升; (b) 峰值載荷; (c) 荒管壁厚心部晶粒尺寸
Figure 8. Effect of billet preheating temperature on the hot extrusion of superalloy 617B: (a) maximum temperature and maximum temperature rise; (b) peak loading; (c) grain size of tube
圖 9 擠壓比對高溫合金617B熱擠壓影響. (a) 管坯最大溫升; (b) 擠壓力峰值; (c) 荒管壁厚心部晶粒尺寸
Figure 9. Effect of extrusion ratio on the hot extrusion of superalloy 617B: (a) maximum temperature and maximum temperature rise; (b) peak load-ing; (c) grain size of tube
圖 10 高溫合金617B高溫拉伸行為特征
Figure 10. High-temperature tensile characteristics of superalloy 617B
圖 11 高溫合金617B熱擠壓準則控制方法示意圖
Figure 11. Schematic for the application of hot extrusion process control principle of superalloy 617B
圖 12 滿足組織可控擠出性準則的高溫合金617B擠壓比范圍
Figure 12. Optimization of hot extrusion ratio of superalloy 617B by microstructure-based hot extrusion process control principle
圖 13 高溫合金617B滿足組織可控擠出性準則的參數范圍. (a) 擠壓速度范圍; (b) 管坯預熱溫度范圍
Figure 13. Parameter optimization of superalloy 617B guided by microstructure-based hot extrusion process control principle: (a) extrusion speed; (b) preheating temperature of billet
圖 14 高溫合金617B荒管. (a) 熱擠壓后宏觀形貌; (b) 荒管壁厚心部組織形貌
Figure 14. Morphology of superalloy 617B tube: (a) macro morphology after hot extrusion; (b) microstructure of the tube
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