難處理金礦非氰浸金研究進展

賈玉娟; 王曉輝; 程偉; 馬淑花

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.03.003

難處理金礦非氰浸金研究進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.03.003

賈玉娟^{1, 2, 3},
王曉輝^{2, 3, ,},
程偉¹,
馬淑花^{2, 3}

1.
貴州大學礦業學院, 貴陽 550025
2.
中國科學院過程工程研究所濕法冶金清潔生產技術國家工程實驗室, 北京 100190
3.
中國科學院過程工程研究所綠色過程與工程重點實驗室, 北京 100190

基金項目:

國家自然科學基金資助項目 51774263

國家自然科學基金資助項目 51474199

詳細信息

通訊作者:
王曉輝, E-mail: wangxh@ipe.ac.cn

中圖分類號: TF831
計量
- 文章訪問數: 1142
- HTML全文瀏覽量: 501
- PDF下載量: 45
- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2018-04-10
- 刊出日期: 2019-03-20

Research progress on non-cyanide leaching of refractory gold ores

JIA Yu-juan^{1, 2, 3},
WANG Xiao-hui^{2, 3
, ,},
CHENG Wei¹,
MA Shu-hua^{2, 3}

1.
College of Mining, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2.
National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgy Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

More Information

Corresponding author: WANG Xiao-hui E-mail: wangxh@ipe.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 隨著黃金需求量的不斷增加及易處理金礦資源的日益減少, 難處理金礦逐漸成為黃金產業的主要資源來源.為使難處理金礦能夠合理、高效地開發利用, 對難處理金礦進行了簡要概述和分類, 并闡述其難處理的原因.采用傳統的氰化法浸出難處理金礦, 其浸出效果差, 且氰化物有劇毒, 嚴重污染環境及危害人體健康.為實現難處理金礦的高效、環保浸出, 非氰化法浸出難處理金礦受到廣泛關注.重點介紹了硫代硫酸鹽法、硫氰酸鹽法、硫脲法、多硫化物及石硫合劑法、液氯化法五種非氰浸金方法的浸金原理及在難處理金礦方面的最新研究進展.基于非氰浸金方法存在的浸出體系復雜、浸出劑性質不穩定及消耗量大等問題, 展望了非氰浸金技術的發展方向.
- 難處理金礦 /
- 非氰浸出 /
- 硫代硫酸鹽法 /
- 硫氰酸鹽法 /
- 硫脲法 /
- 多硫化物法 /
- 石硫合劑法 /
- 液氯化法
Abstract: With the increasing demand for gold and the decreasing of easily treated gold resources, refractory gold ores, which are characterized by low gold recovery and high cyanide consumptions when subjected to direct cyanide leaching, have gradually become the main sources of gold. Thus, reasonable exploitation and utilization of refractory gold ores are of great significance to the sustainable development of the gold industry in China. To ensure a reasonable and efficient utilization of refractory gold ores, refractory gold ores were reviewed and classified in this paper, and the difficulties of handling were briefly reviewed. For over one hundred years, cyanidation has been the predominant process of extracting gold from mineral sources. The major reason for adopting cyanide rather than other lixiviants is its higher chemical stability and lower cost. But in recent years, the utilization of the traditional cyanide method to leach gold have been undesirable; this is mainly because the acute toxicity of cyanide can result in environmental pollution and human health hazard. Moreover, leaching of refractory gold ores by traditional cyanidation techniques also results in poor gold recovery. On this basis, non-cyanide lixiviants have attracted considerable attention in the metallurgical industry, and several non-cyanide leaching methods have been proposed for gold extraction because of their non-toxic nature, acceptable gold leaching rates, and high gold recovery. In this paper, the leaching mechanisms and the latest research progress of non-cyanide gold leaching techniques for refractory gold ores, such as leaching processes with thiosulfate, thiocyanate, thiourea, polysulfide, lime-sulfur-synthetic solution (LSSS) and chlorination, were discussed in detail. Then considering features of non-cyanide gold leaching such as a complex leaching system, unstable leaching agents, and large consumption of leaching agents, and development directions of non-cyanide gold leaching technology for refractory gold ores were proposed.
- refractory gold ores /
- non-cyanide leaching /
- thiosulfate method /
- thiocyanate method /
- thiourea method /
- polysulfide method /
- lime-sulfur-synthetic solution method /
- chlorination method

HTML全文

參考文獻(68)

[1]	Zhang J P, Ou R L. The reserves of gold ore resources in China are about 12, 200 tons. China Land and Resources News, 2017-8-31(001) 張金萍, 歐日亮. 我國金礦查明資源儲量約1.22萬噸. 中國國土資源報, 2017-8-31(001)
[2]	Guay W J, Gross M A. The treatment of refractory gold ores containing carbonaceous material and sulfides. Soc Min Eng AIME, 1981(81-45): 1
[3]	Cabri L J, Chryssoulis S L, de Villiers J P R, et al. The nature of "invisible" gold in arsenopyrite. Can Miner, 1989, 27(3): 353 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/80004837060/ja/
[4]	Bakken B M, Hochella M F, Marshall A F, et al. High-resolution microscopy of gold in unoxidized ore from the Carlin Mine, Nevada. Econ Geol, 1989, 84(1): 171 doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.84.1.171
[5]	Dunn J G, Chamberlain A C. The recovery of gold from refractory arsenopyrite concentrates by pyrolysis-oxidation. Miner Eng, 1997, 10(9): 919 doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(97)00074-5
[6]	Xu B, Yang Y B, Jiang T, et al. Improved thiosulfate leaching of a refractory gold concentrate calcine with additives. Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 152: 214 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.12.016
[7]	Nava-Alonso F, Elorza-Rodríguez E, Uribe-Salas A, et al. Pretreatment with ozone for gold and silver recovery from refractory ores. Ozone Sci Eng, 2007, 29(2): 101 doi: 10.1080/01919510601186410
[8]	Alfieris D, Voudouris P, Spry P G. Shallow submarine epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu-Au-Ag-Te mineralization on western Milos Island, Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece: Mineralogical, geological and geochemical constraints. Ore Geol Rev, 2013, 53: 159 doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.01.007
[9]	Andreeva E D, Matsueda H, Okrugin V M, et al. Au-Ag-Te mineralization of the low-sulfidation epithermal aginskoe deposit, Central Kamchatka, Russia. Resour Geol, 2013, 63(4): 337 doi: 10.1111/rge.12013
[10]	Yu Y X, Xu H, Wu X K, et al. Characteristics of the Au-Ag-Te minerals and its ore-forming fluids in Sandaowanzi gold deposit, Heilongjiang Province. Acta Petrol Sin, 2012, 28(1): 345 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201201026.htm 余宇星, 許虹, 吳祥珂, 等. 黑龍江三道灣子金礦Au-Ag-Te系列礦物特征及其成礦流體. 巖石學報, 2012, 28(1): 345 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201201026.htm
[11]	Ellis S, Deschenes G. Chapter 51-treatment of gold-telluride ores. Gold Ore Process, 2016: 919
[12]	Ofori-Sarpong G, Osseo-Asare K. Preg-robbing of gold from cyanide and non-cyanide complexes: effect of fungi pretreatment of carbonaceous matter. Int J Miner Process, 2013, 119: 27 doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2012.12.007
[13]	Grosse A C, Dicinoski G W, Shaw M J, et al. Leaching and recovery of gold using ammoniacal thiosulfate leach liquors (a review). Hydrometallurgy, 2003, 69(1-3): 1 doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00169-X
[14]	Shen Z H, Zhang Q, Mao S, et al. Leaching of micro-disseminated gold ore deposit in Guizhou by thiosulfate. Min Metall Eng, 2013, 33(5): 85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2013.05.022 沈智慧, 張覃, 卯松, 等. 貴州某微細浸染型金礦硫代硫酸鹽浸出試驗研究. 礦冶工程, 2013, 33(5): 85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2013.05.022
[15]	Arima H, Fujita T, Yen W T. Using nickel as a catalyst inammonium thiosulfate leaching for gold extraction. Mater Trans, 2004, 45(2): 516 doi: 10.2320/matertrans.45.516
[16]	Chandra I, Jeffrey M I. A fundamental study of ferric oxalate for dissolving gold in thiosulfate solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 2005, 77(3-4): 191 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.12.002
[17]	Lin Z J. Recovery of gold from a copper-bearing gold ore by thiosulfate leaching in Jilin. Multipurp Utiliz Miner Resour, 2012(4): 35 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2012.04.010 林志堅. 吉林某含銅金礦硫代硫酸鹽浸金試驗研究. 礦產綜合利用, 2012(4): 35 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2012.04.010
[18]	Xu B, Yang Y B, Li Q, et al. The development of an environmentally friendly leaching process of a high C, As and Sb bearing sulfide gold concentrate. Miner Eng, 2016, 89: 138 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.01.011
[19]	Tong X, Zhang G L, Pu C J. Thiosulfate consumption in gold ammonia-thiosulfate leaching solution. Nonferrous Met, 2005, 57(2): 69 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YOUS200502019.htm 童雄, 張艮林, 普傳杰. 氨性硫代硫酸鹽浸金體系中硫代硫酸鹽的消耗. 有色金屬, 2005, 57(2): 69 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YOUS200502019.htm
[20]	Deng W, Wu R X, Liu Z C, et al. Treatment of refractory gold concentrate by oxidation roasting-thiosulfate leaching. Min Metall Eng, 2017, 37(3): 114 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2017.03.030 鄧文, 伍榮霞, 劉志成, 等. 焙燒預氧化-硫代硫酸鹽浸出某難處理金精礦. 礦冶工程, 2017, 37(3): 114 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2017.03.030
[21]	Lampinen M, Laari A, Turunen I. Ammoniacal thiosulfate leaching of pressure oxidized sulfide gold concentrate with low reagent consumption. Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 151: 1 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.10.014
[22]	Liu X L, Xu B, Min X, et al. Effect of pyrite on thiosulfate leaching of gold and the role of ammonium alcohol polyvinyl phosphate (AAPP). Metals, 2017, 7(7): 278 doi: 10.3390/met7070278
[23]	Fang Z H, Li Z J, Shi W, et al. Gold leaching of a residue containing elemental sulfur with lime added under pressurized oxygen. Chin J Process Eng, 2002, 2(01): 17 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-606X.2002.01.004 方兆珩, 李兆軍, 石偉, 等. 難處理金精礦含元素硫的酸浸渣加石灰氧壓浸金. 過程工程學報, 2002, 2(1): 17 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-606X.2002.01.004
[24]	Melashvili M, Fleming C, Dymov I, et al. Dissolution of gold during pyrite oxidation reaction. Miner Eng, 2016, 87: 2 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.07.017
[25]	Melashvili M, Fleming C, Dymov I, et al. Equation for thiosulphate yield during pyrite oxidation. Miner Eng, 2015, 74: 105 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.02.004
[26]	Xu B, Li Q, Liu X L, et al. A Method of Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold with the Catalysis of Cobalt-Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid: China Patent, 201610018078.5. 2016-5-25 徐斌, 李騫, 劉曉亮, 等. 一種鈷、乙二胺四乙酸催化硫代硫酸鹽浸金的方法: 中國專利, 201610018078.5. 2016-5-25
[27]	Xu B, Yang Y B, Li Q, et al. A Technology of Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold with the Catalysis of Nickel-Citrate: China Patent, 201510229799.6. 2015-7-22 徐斌, 楊永斌, 李騫, 等. 一種鎳檸檬酸根催化硫代硫酸鹽浸金的工藝: 中國專利, 201510229799.6. 2015-7-22
[28]	Xu B, Li Q, Liu X L, et al. A Gold Leaching Method for Reducing the Consumption of Thiosulfate: China Patent, 201610924649.1. 2017-10-24 徐斌, 李騫, 劉曉亮, 等. 一種減少硫代硫酸鹽用量的浸金方法: 中國專利, 201610924649.1. 2017-10-24
[29]	Li J S, Safarzadeh M S, Moats M S, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part Ⅱ: The leaching kinetics. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113-114: 10
[30]	Li J S, Safarzadeh M S, Moats M S, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part I: Chemical and thermodynamic considerations. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113-114: 1
[31]	White H A. The solubility of gold in thiosulphates and thiocyanates. South Afric J Sci, 1905, 1(1): 211 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/284211597_The_solubility_of_gold_in_thiosulphates_and_thiocyanates
[32]	Barbosa-Filho O, Monhemius A J. Leaching of gold in thiocyanate solutions: Part 1: chemistry and thermodynamics. Trans Inst MinMetall Sect C, 1994, 103: C105. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266135780_Leaching_of_gold_in_thiocyanate_solutions_Part_1_chemistry_and_thermodynamics_Part_2_redox_processes_in_iron(III)_thiocyanate_solutions_Part_3_rates_and_mechanism_of_gold_dissolution
[33]	Kholmogorov A G, Kononova O N, Pashkov G L, et al. Thiocyanate solutions in gold technology. Hydrometallurgy, 2002, 64(1): 43 doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00005-1
[34]	Li J S, Safarzadeh M S, Moats M S, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part Ⅲ: Thiocyanate stability. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113-114: 19 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.009
[35]	Ma C J, Li J Y, Liu R J. A review of thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Appl Mech Mater, 2015, 768: 53 doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.768.53
[36]	Liang C J, Ma C J. Gold leaching from waste circuit boards with thiocyanate in neutral environment. Precious Met, 2015, 36(4): 56 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0676.2015.04.010 梁昌金, 馬傳凈. 中性環境中硫氰酸鹽浸取廢舊線路板中的金. 貴金屬, 2015, 36(4): 56 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0676.2015.04.010
[37]	Guo H, Yang S H, Chen Y M, et al. Oxidative pressure leaching of gold from refractory gold sulfide concentrates with alkaline thiocyanate solution. Nonferrous Met Extr Metall, 2011(10): 23 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2011.10.007 郭歡, 楊聲海, 陳永明, 等. 硫氰酸鹽體系從難處理硫化金精礦中氧壓浸金. 有色金屬(冶煉部分), 2011(10): 23 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2011.10.007
[38]	Hu Y Q, Yang S H, Chen Y M. Exploration test on gold extraction from arsenopyrite gold concentrate with oxidation pressure leaching process in ammonium thiocyanate-ammonia system. Nonferrous Met Extr Metall, 2012(9): 34 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2012.09.010 胡燕清, 楊聲海, 陳永明. 某毒砂金礦硫氰酸鹽氨性體系加壓氧化提金探索試驗. 有色金屬(冶煉部分), 2012(9): 34 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7545.2012.09.010
[39]	Gould W D, King M, Mohapatra B R, et al. A critical review on destruction of thiocyanate in mining effluents. Miner Eng, 2012, 34: 38 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.009
[40]	Wilson I R, Harris G M. The oxidation of thiocyanate ion by hydrogen peroxide. I. The pH-independent reaction. J Am Chem Soc, 1960, 82(17): 4515 doi: 10.1021/ja01502a017
[41]	Batoeva A A, Tsybikova B A, Ryazantsev A A. Catalytic oxidation of thiocyanates in an acid medium. Russ J Appl Chem, 2010, 83(6): 993 doi: 10.1134/S1070427210060121
[42]	Gonzalez-Merchan C, Genty T, Bussière B, et al. Ferrates performance in thiocyanates and ammonia degradation in gold mine effluents. Miner Eng, 2016, 95: 124 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.06.022
[43]	Lee C, Kim J, Chang J, et al. Isolation and identification of thiocyanate utilizing chemolithotrophs from gold mine soils. Biodegradation, 2003, 14(3): 183 doi: 10.1023/A:1024256932414
[44]	Ebbs S. Biological degradation of cyanide compounds. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2004, 15(3): 231 doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.03.006
[45]	Altansukh B, Burmaa G, Nyamdelger S, et al. Gold recovery from its fotationconcentrate using acidic thiourea leaching and organosilicon polymer. Int J Soc Mater Eng Resour, 2014, 20(1): 29 doi: 10.5188/ijsmer.20.29
[46]	Guo Y J, Guo X, Wu H Y, et al. A novel bio-oxidation and twostep thiourea leaching method applied to a refractory gold concentrate. Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 171: 213 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.05.023
[47]	Sa B J, Zhang F Y, Cheng H. Study on gold dissolving in alkaline thiourea solution. Gold, 1984(3): 45 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ198403009.htm 薩本嘉, 張方宇, 程華. 堿性硫脲溶金的研究. 黃金, 1984(3): 45 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ198403009.htm
[48]	Wei D W, Chai L Y, Ichino R, et al. Gold leaching in an alkaline thiourea solution. J Electrochem Soc, 1999, 146(2): 559 doi: 10.1149/1.1391643
[49]	Li L F, Zhu Z S, Liu Y C, et al. Optimisation of efficient auxiliary agents of gold leaching in an alkaline thiourea solution for a finely disseminated gold ore. Int J Min Miner Eng, 2014, 5(4): 315 doi: 10.1504/IJMME.2014.066579
[50]	Zhang J T, Shen S B, Cheng Y, et al. Dual lixiviant leaching process for extraction and recovery of gold from ores at room temperature. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 144-145: 114 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.001
[51]	Yang X Y, Liu Z K, Guo K B, et al. Leaching of Au from refractory gold ore in thiourea-thiocyanate solutions and stability of lixiviants. Chin J Nonferrous Met, 2014, 24(8): 2164 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXZ201408030.htm 楊喜云, 劉政坤, 郭孔彬, 等. 硫脲-硫氰酸鈉浸出難處理金礦及浸出劑的穩定性. 中國有色金屬學報, 2014, 24(8): 2164 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXZ201408030.htm
[52]	Yang X Y, Moats M S, Miller J D. Gold dissolution in acidic thiourea and thiocyanate solutions. Electrochim Acta, 2010, 55(11): 3643 doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.105
[53]	Yang X Y, Moats M S, Miller J D, et al. Thiourea-thiocyanate leaching system for gold. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 106(1-2): 58 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.11.018
[54]	Yang B Y, Lan X Z, Zhang J, et al. Lime-sulpher-synthetic-solution(LSSS)-anew nontoxic reagent for extraction of gold. Precious Met, 1997, 18(2): 58 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJSZ702.013.htm 楊丙雨, 蘭新哲, 張箭, 等. 石硫合劑的提金原理及應用. 貴金屬, 1997, 18(2): 58 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJSZ702.013.htm
[55]	Yang T Z, Chen X H, Bin W D, et al. Gold leaching in sodium polysulfide solution. J Cent South Inst Min Metall, 1992, 23(6): 687 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD199206010.htm 楊天足, 陳希鴻, 賓萬達, 等. 多硫化鈉浸金研究. 中南礦冶學院學報, 1992, 23(6): 687 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD199206010.htm
[56]	Yang T Z, Bin W D, Chen X H, et al. Polysulfide leaching of calcine after roasting refractory gold ore by addition of lime. Gold, 1995, 16(10): 29 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ510.007.htm 楊天足, 賓萬達, 陳希鴻, 等. 難處理金礦石加石灰焙燒焙砂的多硫化物浸出. 黃金, 1995, 16(10): 29 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ510.007.htm
[57]	Yang T Z, Bin W D, Lu Y Y, et al. Pretreatment of arsenical refractory gold concentrate-(Ⅱ) roasting by addition of lime. Gold, 1994, 15(2): 31 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ402.006.htm 楊天足, 賓萬達, 盧宜源, 等. 含砷難處理金礦預處理研究-(Ⅱ)加石灰焙燒法. 黃金, 1994, 15(2): 31 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJZZ402.006.htm
[58]	Zhang J, Lan X Z. Leaching gold and silver by the LSSS method, Part I: synthesizing the LSSS and dissolving Au and Ag//16th IPMI International Conference-Proceeding, Precious Metals 1992. Scottsdale, 1992: 289 http://www.mendeley.com/research/leaching-gold-silver-limesulphursyntheticsolution-lsss-part-i-synthesizing-lsss-dissolving-pure-gold-silver-it/
[59]	Chen Y, Song Y H. Study on leaching gold from carbonaceous gold ores bylime-sulpher-synthetic-solution. Gold, 2012, 33(3): 43 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2012.03.010 陳怡, 宋永輝. 某碳質金精礦石硫合劑法浸出試驗研究. 黃金, 2012, 33(3): 43 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2012.03.010
[60]	Li J Y, Huang L. Experimental research on leaching gold from waste printed circuit board by LSSS method. Gold, 2009, 30(10): 48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2009.10.013 李晶瑩, 黃璐. 石硫合劑法浸取廢棄線路板中金的試驗研究. 黃金, 2009, 30(10): 48 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1277.2009.10.013
[61]	Feng J, Fu P F, Yang T. Study on gold leaching from ores with modified lime-sulpher-synthetic-solution process. Gold Sci Technol, 2016, 24(1): 102 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKJ201601028.htm 馮杰, 傅平豐, 楊天. 某金礦石的改性石硫合劑法浸金研究. 黃金科學技術, 2016, 24(1): 102 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKJ201601028.htm
[62]	Jin C S, Zhang T A, Mu W Z, et al. Thermodynamics of gold chlorination leaching process. Chin J Rare Met, 2012, 36(1): 129 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXJS201201025.htm 金創石, 張廷安, 牟望重, 等. 液氯化法浸金過程熱力學. 稀有金屬, 2012, 36(1): 129 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXJS201201025.htm
[63]	Fang Z H. Mineral characteristic and extractive technology of carbonaceous gold ores. Gold Sci Technol, 2003, 11(6): 28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2518.2003.06.004 方兆珩. 碳質金礦的礦物特征和提金工藝. 黃金科學技術, 2003, 11(6): 28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-2518.2003.06.004
[64]	Liu C Q. Treatment of spent carbon loaded with gold by aqueous chlorination. Non-ferrous Min Metall, 2005, 21(2): 21 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-967X.2005.02.007 劉春奇. 水氯化法處理廢載金碳. 有色礦冶, 2005, 21(2): 21 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-967X.2005.02.007
[65]	Jin C S, Zhang T A, Zeng Y, et al. Study on chlorination leaching of gold from pressure oxidation residue of refractory gold concentrate. Rare Met Mater Eng, 2012, 41(Suppl 2): 569 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COSE2012S2138.htm 金創石, 張廷安, 曾勇, 等. 液氯化法從難處理金精礦加壓氧化渣中浸金的研究. 稀有金屬材料與工程, 2012, 41(增刊2): 569 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COSE2012S2138.htm
[66]	Hasab M G, Rashchi F, Raygan S. Simultaneous sulfide oxidation and gold leaching of a refractory gold concentrate by chloridehypochlorite solution. Miner Eng, 2013, 50-51: 140 doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.08.011
[67]	Hasab M G, Raygan S, Rashchi F. Chloride-hypochlorite leaching of gold from a mechanically activated refractory sulfide concentrate. Hydrometallurgy, 2013, 138: 59 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.06.013
[68]	Olteanu A F, Dobre T, Panturu E, et al. Experimental process analysis and mathematical modeling for selective gold leaching from slag through wet chlorination. Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 144-145: 170 doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.011