鋰離子電池安全性研究進展

王爽; 杜志明; 張澤林; 韓志躍

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.08.002

鋰離子電池安全性研究進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.08.002

北京理工大學爆炸科學與技術國家重點實驗室, 北京 100081

基金項目:

北京理工大學爆炸科學與技術國家重點實驗室資助項目（ZDKT17-03）

詳細信息

中圖分類號: X913.4;TM911.3
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2017-12-04

Research progress on safety of lithium-ion batteries

State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

摘要

摘要: 綜述了近年來電解液的熱穩定性影響因素、熱失控過程及產物成分、單體及電池組燃爆安全性、滅火措施的研究進展.指出電解液的熱穩定性受鋰鹽和有機溶劑的共同影響，當電池內部溫度達到120℃左右時放熱反應開始出現，在熱量持續積累的情況下熱失控將自發進行，同時產生氫氣和烷烴類具有燃燒爆炸危險的氣體產物.與二氧化碳和干粉類滅火劑相比，七氟丙烷和水的滅火效果較好.最后對鋰離子電池的應用前景做了展望，提出了不同濫用條件下的熱失控過程、熱失控產物生成機理，指出開發新型電解液和尋求高效滅火介質是今后研究的方向.
- 鋰離子電池 /
- 安全性 /
- 分解產物 /
- 熱失控 /
- 滅火措施
Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries, now widely used in many fields, have a long cycle life, low self-discharge rate, high capacity and energy efficiency, no memory effect, and are environment-friendly. While enhancing everyday life, this new energy source comes with a number of serious safety risks. Due to the wide variety of battery materials used, the performance and safety features of these batteries also vary greatly. Capacity degradation and thermal runaway occur under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and over-charging, thus limiting their further promotion and use. With the large-scale application of the lithium-ion battery, the number of safety-related incidents have shown an increasing trend each year. To date, research on the safety of this battery has made great progress, especially with respect to thermal decomposition of the electrolyte and electrode materials. This paper reviews the factors influencing the thermal stability of the electrolyte, the thermal runaway process as it relates to the product composition, and the monomer and battery-pack safety and fire-extinguishing measures. It is found that the thermal stability of the electrolyte is affected by both the lithium salt and the organic solvent. When the internal temperature of the battery reaches about 120℃, an exothermic reaction begins to appear. Thermal runaway will spontaneously proceed with the continuous accumulation of heat, and at the same time, hydrogen and alkane gas products are produced that have combustion and explosion risks. Compared with carbon dioxide and dry powder fire extinguishing agents, the fire-extinguishing effect of heptafluoropropane and water is better. Lastly, the paper considers the application prospects of the lithium-ion battery and describes the directions of future research, including the thermal runaway process under the different abuse conditions, the product formation mechanism of the thermal runaway, the development of a new electrolyte, and the search for a high-efficiency fire-extinguishing medium.
- lithium-ion battery /
- safety /
- breakdown product /
- thermal runaway /
- fire-extinguishing measure

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