鋼鐵產業集聚區難處理塵泥處理與全量資源化利用進展

王靜松; 李巖; 馮懷萱; 薛慶國; 佘雪峰; 王廣; 左海濱

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.09.15.004

鋼鐵產業集聚區難處理塵泥處理與全量資源化利用進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.09.15.004

北京科技大學鋼鐵冶金新技術國家重點實驗室，北京 100083

基金項目: 國家重點研發計劃專項基金資助項目（2019YFC1905705）；廣東省省級科技計劃資助項目（GDKJ2020002）

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E-mail: xueqingguo@ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: X757
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-15
- 網絡出版日期: 2021-10-29
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-24

Progress in treating difficult-to-handle dust and sludge and full-scale resource utilization in an iron and steel industry cluster

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

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Corresponding author: E-mail: xueqingguo@ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 簡述了鋼鐵冶金塵泥現有的處理工藝，具體介紹了回轉窯工藝、Oxycup工藝、轉底爐工藝。鋼鐵冶金塵泥目前的處理工藝主要停留在塵泥資源化回收利用的前3個階段，往往只針對含量較高的部分元素進行分離回收。鋼鐵產業集聚區的塵泥除了含有 Fe、Zn、Pb、K、Na 等元素，還富集了大量 In、Bi、Sn、Cd等具有高附加值的稀散元素，是寶貴的有價資源。隨著國家環保法規和產業政策的要求，鋼鐵冶金塵泥已經到了必須100%全部回收利用的新階段。鑒于此，提出了根據各自的成分特征進行基于產品設計的各種塵泥間的協同搭配、單元技術間的科學耦合和系統集成，實現多組分梯級分離和全量利用的技術方案，希望能夠為鋼鐵企業冶金塵泥的全量資源化利用提供參考。
- 鋼鐵產業集聚區 /
- 鋼鐵冶金塵泥 /
- 全量資源化利用 /
- 稀散元素 /
- 聯合工藝
Abstract: Iron and steel metallurgical dust is a solid waste produced in the production process of the iron and steel industry. It has the characteristics of many types, large quantities, complex components, and many valuable elements. Japan and Germany have realized the centralized treatment and comprehensive utilization of metallurgical solid wastes, and China’s current technological level is still far behind them. This paper briefly described the existing treatment processes of iron and steel metallurgical dust and mud and specifically introduced the most widely used pyrotechnic processes in enterprises, including the rotary kiln, Oxycup, and rotary hearth furnace processes. The current treatment process of iron and steel metallurgical dust and sludge mainly stays in the first three stages of dust and sludge resource recycling and often only separates and recovers some elements with high contents. In addition to elements such as Fe, Zn, Pb, K, and Na, dust and mud in an iron and steel industry agglomeration area are also enriched with large amounts of valuable and rare elements with high added values such as In, Bi, Sn, and Cd, which are precious materials. The ineffective treatment and recycling of a huge volume of iron and steel metallurgical dust and mud will cause serious air, water, and soil pollutions; affect the ecological environment; and endanger human life. Moreover, it will cause a considerable loss of valuable resources, which is not conducive to the rapid development of China’s industries. With the requirements of the national environmental protection regulations and industrial policies, steel metallurgical dust and sludge have reached a new stage where 100% of all dust and sludge must be recycled. In response to this, a technical solution established on the product design based on the coordination of various types of dust and mud, scientific coupling, and system integration among unit technologies was proposed according to their respective composition characteristics to achieve multicomponent cascade separation and full utilization. The full resource utilization of metallurgical dust and sludge in iron and steel enterprises provides a reference.
- iron and steel industry agglomeration area /
- iron and steel metallurgical dust and sludge /
- full-scale resource utilization /
- rarefied elements /
- combined process

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圖 1 回轉窯工藝流程圖

Figure 1. Process flow chart of a rotary kiln

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圖 2 Oxycup工藝流程

Figure 2. Oxycup process flow

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圖 3 鶴興爐工藝流程

Figure 3. Hexing furnace process flow

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圖 4 轉底爐工藝流程

Figure 4. Process flow of a rotary hearth furnace

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圖 5 聯合工藝流程。（a）總流程；（b）濕法梯級分離單元

Figure 5. Combined process flow: (a) general flow chart; (b) wet cascade separation unit

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表 1 某鋼鐵廠典型粉塵的化學成分（質量分數）

Table 1. Chemical composition of typical dust in a steel plant %

Type	TFe	SiO₂	CaO	MgO	Al₂O₃	K	Na	C	Zn
Sintering head ash	28.50	3.00	5.20	1.00	1.70	26.20	1.36	2.25	1.12
Blast furnace dry ash	17.03	2.87	2.18	0.70	2.49	0.76	0.28	34.00	16.60
Converter OG mud	58.19	1.98	10.28	3.47	1.83	0.19	0.21	1.65	0.25
Rolling line sludge	71.73	1.39	0.02	0.03	1.19	0.14	0.36	1.12	0.13
Electric furnace ash	44.73	2.06	2.92	1.38	0.56	1.32	1.32	1.14	2.61

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表 2 某廠二次灰的化學成分（質量分數）

Table 2. Chemical composition of secondary ash from a factory %

Zn	Pb	Bi	In	Sn	Cd
49.150	6.410	0.240	0.042	0.350	0.073

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表 3 某鋼鐵廠典型粉塵的粒度組成和比表面積

Table 3. Particle size composition and specific surface area of typical dust from a steel plant

Type	X₁₀/μm	X₅₀/μm	X₉₀/μm	Specific surface area/(m²·g^?1)
Blast furnace dry ash	3.940	17.041	58.550	0.730
Converter OG Mud	0.631	1.207	2.508	6.521
Rolling line sludge	3.772	27.846	84.268	0.667
Electric furnace ash	0.888	1.941	4.068	4.350
Notes: X₁₀ is the particle size corresponding to a cumulative particle size distribution of 10% of the sample; X₅₀ is the particle size corresponding to a cumulative particle size distribution of 50% of the sample; X₉₀ is the particle size corresponding to a cumulative particle size distribution of 90% of the sample.

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表 4 火法工藝中發生的化學反應方程式

Table 4. Chemical reaction equations that occur in the pyrometallurgical process

Element	Reaction equation
Element	Reduction reaction first	Oxidation reaction in the second step
Zn	ZnO_(s) + CO_(g) = Zn_(g) + CO_2(g)	2Zn_(g) + O_2(g) = 2ZnO_(g)
Pb	PbO_(s) +CO_(g) =Pb_(g) +CO_2(g)	2Pb_(g) +O_2(g) =2PbO_(g)
In	In₂O_3(s) + 3CO_(g) = 2In_(g) + 3CO_2(g)	4In_(g) + 3O_2(g) = 2In₂O_3(g)
Sn	SnO_2(s) + 2CO_(g) = Sn_(g) + 2CO_2(g)	Sn_(l) + O_2(g) = SnO_2(g)
Cd	CdO_(s) + CO_(g) = Cd_(g) + CO_2(g)	2Cd_(g) + O_2(g) = 2CdO_(g)
Bi	Bi₂O_3(s) + 3CO_(g) = 2Bi_(g) + 3CO_2(g)	4Bi_(g) + 3O_2(g) = 2Bi₂O_3(g)
Fe	FeO_(s) + CO_(g) = Fe_(g) + CO_2(g)	—

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表 5 國內典型企業轉底爐生產工藝情況

Table 5. Production process of a rotary hearth furnace in typical domestic enterprises

Company	Technology	Source of technology	Production time	Implementation effect
Shanxi Jicheng	7×10⁴ t·a^?1	USTB	2004	—
Sinosteel Taiwan	1.3×10⁵ t·a^?1, driquetting	Nippon Steel	2007.12	Initial dissatisfaction, regular maintenance
Tianjin Rongcheng	4×10⁵ t·a^?1	SHENWU	2009	—
Ma Steel	2×10⁵ t·a^?1, disc pelletizing	Nippon Steel	2009.6	Initial dissatisfaction, high energy consumption, currently running stable
PANGANG	1×10⁵ t·a^?1	SHENWU	—	—
Rizhao Steel	2×10⁵ t·a^?1, briquetting	CISRI	2010.5	High operating energy consumption
SHAGANG	4.2×10⁵ t·a^?1, briquetting	SHENWU	2010.10	High equipment failure rate, low operation rate
LAIGANG	3.2×10⁵ t·a^?1, briquetting	USTB	2011.3	Bonding and clogging of the boiler in the initial flue gas system
BAOWU Zhanjiang	2×10⁵ t·a^?1, metalized pellets	MCC	2016.6	Dezincification rate>85%
BAOWU SHAOGANG	2.5×10⁵ t·a^?1	SMDRI	2020	Normal production
SHOUGANG JINGTANG	3×10⁵ t·a^?1	MCC	2020.7	Normal production
ZHANJIANG Phase II	2×10⁵ t·a^?1, metalized pellets	MCC	2021.4	Stable operation of system and equipment
BAOWU BAOSHAN	5×10⁵ t·a^?1, metalized pellets	MCC	—	Successful hot test in January 2021
Note: USTB stands for the University of Science and Technology Beijing; SHENWU corresponds to Shenwu Technology Group Corp; CISRI refers to China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group; MCC is CISDI Engineering Co., Ltd; and SMDRI is Shanghai Meishan Industrial and Civil Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd.

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