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摘要: 對比了國內外高疲勞壽命軸承鋼主要雜質元素、主要夾雜物特征等冶金性能的差異，并對比了不同冶金質量下，軸承鋼的疲勞性能及誘發疲勞斷裂的因素，總結了國產軸承鋼潔凈度現狀及與國外優質軸承鋼的差距。在此基礎上，圍繞高疲勞壽命軸承鋼，以進一步提高國產軸承鋼質量為目的，分析梳理了國產軸承鋼冶煉技術及夾雜物控制方法的發展軌跡，探討了國產軸承鋼進一步提高疲勞壽命及質量的發展方向。Abstract: Bearing steel is a significant material for producing basic components in many industrial sectors, such as automotive, high-speed trains, and aerospace. In most cases, the bearings belong to the safety-relevant parts of these structures, so that extensive quality control measures are applied to ensure the entire assembly’s reliability and safety. In the last century, the precise instruments’ bearings were almost dependent on imports, which cost a large fortune. In recent years, the production technique and the production quality of domestic bearing steels keep improving, and the cleanliness keeps increasing. The qualities of some superior domestic bearing steels have become close to foreign bearing steels with high quality. However, the stability still needs to be improved, especially in the aspects of calcium aluminate inclusions and the titanium content in steels. To understand the gaps between domestic and foreign bearing steels, the differences in metallurgical properties of high-fatigue-life bearing steels, such as the main impurity elements and the characteristics of main inclusions, were compared in this paper. Fatigue properties of bearing steels and factors that cause fatigue fracture under various metallurgical properties were also compared. The cleanliness status of domestic bearing steels and the gap with foreign high-quality bearing steels were summarized. There are two types of controlling strategies of the cleanliness for bearing steels: 1) controlling the total oxygen content strictly to get an extremely low total oxygen content; 2) controlling the size and type of oxide inclusions with a relatively low total oxygen content. On this basis, in order to further improve the efficiency of domestic steel bearings, the development of the smelting technology and the integration control system for domestic steel bearings were analyzed and sorted out. Besides, the development direction of further improving the quality and fatigue life of domestic bearing steel was discussed.
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Key words:
- bearing steel /
- inclusion /
- fatigue property /
- cleanliness /
- deoxidation method
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圖 2 不同種類夾雜物在軸承鋼中最大裂尖應力強度因子（SIF）對比
Figure 2. Comparison of maximum stress intensity factors (SIF) of different inclusions in bearing steels
圖 3 國內外軸承鋼主要雜質元素對比。（a）Ca；（b）Ti；（c）T.O；（d）N
Figure 3. Composition of main impurity elements in domestic and foreign bearing steels: (a) Ca; (b) Ti; (c) T.O; (d) N
圖 4 國內外軸承鋼主要夾雜物對比。（a）尖晶石類夾雜物個數密度；（b）鈣鋁酸鹽類夾雜物個數密度；（c）硅酸鹽類夾雜物個數密度；（d）尖晶石類夾雜物尺寸分布；（e）鈣鋁酸鹽類夾雜物尺寸分布；（f）硅酸鹽類夾雜物尺寸分布；（g）氮化鈦類夾雜物個數密度；（h）硫化錳類夾雜物個數密度；（i）氮化鈦類夾雜物尺寸分布；（j）硫化錳類夾雜物尺寸分布
Figure 4. Composition of main inclusion in domestic and foreign bearing steels: (a) number density of spinel inclusion; (b) size distribution of spinel inclusion; (c) number density of calcium aluminate inclusion; (d) size distribution of calcium aluminate inclusion; (e) number density of silicate inclusion; (f) size distribution of silicate inclusion; (g) number density of titanium nitride inclusion; (h) size distribution of titanium nitride inclusion; (i) number density of manganese sulfide inclusion; (j) size distribution of manganese sulfide inclusion
圖 5 國內外軸承鋼典型疲勞特征。（a）疲勞壽命對比[3]；（b）鈣鋁酸鹽類夾雜物致疲勞斷口形貌（軸承鋼B）[3]；（c）尖晶石類類夾雜物致疲勞斷口形貌（軸承鋼C）[12]；（d）氮化鈦類類夾雜物致疲勞斷口形貌（軸承鋼D）[12]
Figure 5. Typical fatigue characterization of domestic and foreign bearing steels: (a) comparison of fatigue life[3]; (b) morphology of fatigue fracture induced by calcium aluminate inclusion (bearing steel B)[3]; (c) morphology of fatigue fracture induced by spinel inclusion (bearing steel C)[12]; (d) morphology of fatigue fracture induced by titanium nitride inclusion (bearing steel D)[12]
圖 9 非鋁脫氧鋼（S）和鋁脫氧鋼（A）中夾雜物對比[46].（a）尺寸；（b）密度
Figure 9. Comparison of inclusions in non-Al deoxidation steel (S) and Al deoxidation steel (L): (a) size; (b) number density
表 1 GB/T 18254—2016高碳鉻軸承鋼中殘余元素含量要求（質量分數）
Table 1. Requirements of residual elements in high carbon chromium bearing steel in GB/T 18254—2016
% Metallurgical quality Ni Cu P S Ca Oa Tib Al As As+Sn+Sb Pb High-quality steel ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ― ≤0.0012 ≤0.0050 ≤0.050 ≤0.04 ≤0.075 ≤0.002 Advanced high-quality steel ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.020 ≤0.020 ≤0.0010 ≤0.0009 ≤0.0030 ≤0.050 ≤0.04 ≤0.075 ≤0.002 Super high-quality steel ≤0.25 ≤0.25 ≤0.015 ≤0.015 ≤0.0010 ≤0.0006 ≤0.0015 ≤0.050 ≤0.04 ≤0.075 ≤0.002 Note: a The oxygen content is tested in billets or rolled steels; b The composition in steel grade GCr15SiMn, GCr15SiMo, and GCr18Mo is allowed 0.0005% addition. 
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表 2 Al?O平衡常數計算值和實驗值對比
Table 2. Comparison of calculation results and experimental data of Al?O equilibrium constant
Thermodynamic calculation Experiments without oxygen Experiments with oxygen Researchers -lg Kd Researchers -lg Kd Researchers -lg Kd Chipman 14 Chipman 14 Hessenbruch 9 Kubaschewski 15 Gller 13 Herty 9 Richardson 13 Kuznetchov 12 Wentrup 10 Sawamura 14 Eutrement 13 Hilty 9 Elliott 14 Fruehan 14 Repetylo 9
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