制備類石墨相氮化碳多孔光催化劑的模板法發展

鞏正奇; 閆楚璇; 宣之易; 陳穎芝; 李靜媛; 王魯寧

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2020.09.07.003

制備類石墨相氮化碳多孔光催化劑的模板法發展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2020.09.07.003

北京科技大學材料科學與工程學院，北京 100083

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金資助項目（51503014）；中央高校基本科研業務費專項資金資助項目（230201818-002A3）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail：chenyingzhi@ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TG142.71
計量
- 文章訪問數: 1302
- HTML全文瀏覽量: 775
- PDF下載量: 93
- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2020-09-07
- 刊出日期: 2021-03-26

Development of template methods for the preparation of porous photocatalysts of graphite-like carbon nitride

School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: chenyingzhi@ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 氮化碳作為一種具有高催化性能的光催化劑，具有無毒無害，自然環境下穩定的性質，在水解制氫氣氧氣以及降解有機污染物領域得到了廣泛的關注. 其中類石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)因其特殊的片層結構而具有較高比表面積，常配合孔結構的構造，提供光生載流子及反應物質的運輸通道以及大量活性位點用于氧化還原反應，是具有高光電性能的一種光催化劑.制備該種催化劑孔結構的方法有硬模板法，軟模板法與非模板法，其中硬模板法需要在實驗后除去模板，軟模板法的模板會隨著高溫除去，非模板法的制備過程沒有模板的參與。本文根據近年文獻的整理，著重闡述和比較各制備方法的優劣，結合常用的修飾手段總結各制備方法的變化趨勢和發展方向，并對后續研究中制備方法的使用前景做出判斷.
- 類石墨相氮化碳 /
- 光催化 /
- 多孔結構 /
- 模板法 /
- 非模板法
Abstract: As a metal-free photocatalyst with high catalytic performance, carbon nitride is non-toxic, harmless, and stable in the natural environment. Owing to its facile synthesis, stable physical and chemical properties, tunable structure, and suitable band gap, graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) plays an increasing role in the field of photocatalysis. It has attracted extensive attention in the fields of evolution of hydrogen and oxygen via water-splitting hydrolysis and in the degradation of organic pollutants. In particular, g-C₃N₄ is identified to have a high specific surface area (SSA) because of its special lamellar structure. Meanwhile, the abundant pores intrinsic in it are able to provide both transporting channels for photogenic carriers or reactive species and a large number of active sites for redox reactions. These merits endow it with high photoelectrical properties. The preparation methods of the pore structures of such catalyst include hard templates, soft templates, and non-template ones. The hard template method enables the preparation of regular pore structures but requires additional removal treatment. However, the soft templates can be decomposed during the high-temperature preparation of g-C₃N₄, which avoids the use of toxic reagents and consequently is harmless to the environment, and the template-free method does not involve any templates, which will simplify the experimental process from the aspect of sample preparation with reduced cost. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation methods were elaborated and compared based on the literature review in recent years. The developments and applications in the environmental and energy aspects were summarized by combining the commonly used modification methods, which provided the perceptions with respect to the development of metal-free g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts in the future. Further, the photocatalytic mechanism was explained, and the four different precursors of g-C₃N₄ were compared. Finally, the ongoing outlook and perspectives will be covered in this review.
- graphite-like carbon nitride /
- photocatalyst /
- porous structure /
- template method /
- template-free method

HTML全文

圖 1 C₃N₄基本單元和能帶結構^[2]

Figure 1. Basic unit and band structure of C₃N₄^[2]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 2 投射電鏡圖像^[23]。（a）bulk-g-C₃N₄；（b）g-C₃N₄（SBA-15）；（c）g-C₃N₄（CLBM-SBA-15）

Figure 2. TEM images^[23]: (a) bulk-g-C₃N₄; (b) g-C₃N₄(SBA-15); (c) g-C₃N₄(CLBM-SBA-15)

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 3 投射電鏡圖像^[26]。（a）DCS；（b~d）DCS/gCN；（e）OCS；（f~h）OCS/gCN

Figure 3. TEM images^[26]: (a)DCS; (b?d)DCS/gCN; (e)OCS; (f?h)OCS/gCN

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 4 （a）圖解說明由不同前體合成的聚合C₃N₄形成的示意圖；（b）由不同前體合成的C₃N₄的X射線衍射圖譜；（c）由不同前體合成的C₃N₄的N₂吸附?解吸等溫線；（d）由不同前體合成的C₃N₄的UV-Vis吸收光譜；（e）使用由不同前體合成的C₃N₄降解TC的效率圖；（f）由不同前體合成的C₃N₄對TC的光降解速率^[36]

Figure 4. (a) Schematic illustrating the formation of polymeric C₃N₄ synthesized from different precursors; (b) XRD pattern of C₃N₄ synthesized from different precursors; (c) nitrogen adsorption?desorption isotherms of C₃N₄ synthesized from different precursors; (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of C₃N₄ synthesized from different precursors; (e) degradation pattern of TC using C₃N₄ synthesized from different precursors; (f) photodegradation rate of TC using C₃N₄ synthesized from different precursors ^[36]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 5 介孔氮化碳形成過程^[39]

Figure 5. Formation process of mesoporous carbon nitride^[39]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 6 （a）g-C₃N₄；（b）CNF-0.005的掃描電鏡圖像; （c~f）CNF-0.005的透射電鏡和高分辨透射電鏡圖像^[39]

Figure 6. SEM images of g-C₃N₄ (a) and CNF-0.005 (b); (c?f) TEM and HRTEM images of CNF-0.005^[39]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 7 掃描電鏡圖像^[43]。（a）B-C₃N₄；（b）M-C₃N₄；（c, d）P-C₃N₄

Figure 7. SEM images^[43]: (a) B-C₃N₄; (b) M-C₃N₄; and (c, d) P-C₃N₄

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

表 1 不同模板法調控g-C₃N₄孔結構總括

Table 1. Summary of the different template methods in adjusting the pore structure of g-C₃N₄

Sample	Reaction precursor, temperature, time, heating rate, & atmosphere	Template type& requirement	Removal reagents& requirement	Specific surface area/(m²?g^?1)	Pore volume/ (cm³?g^?1)	Average pore size/nm	Refs.
Porous-C₃N₄	Dicyandiamide, 500 °C, 4.5 h	7?40 nm SiO₂ hard template	20% HF, 4 h	~109	—	~20	[20]
MCN1.0	Cyanamide, 550 °C, 4 h, 2 °C?min^?1, N2	12 nm SiO₂ nanosphere hard template	4.0 mol?L^?1 NH₄HF₂, 24 h	~190.7	~0.52	~10.9	[22]
CLBM?SBA-15	Cyanamide, stirring at room temperature, 1 h, 550 °C, 6 h, air	9.5 nm SBA-15 hard template	4.0 mol?L^?1 NH₄HF₂	~145	~0.43	~44	[23]
C₃N₄?MCF	Melamine, 300 °C, 1 h, 600 °C, 2 h, Ar	MCF hard template	15% HF, 12 h	~70	~0.3	—	[24]
Bulk-g-C₃N₄	Dicyandiamide, 560 °C, 2 h, N₂	12 nm PSB hard template	NH₄HF₂	~37	~0.28	~36	[25]
TiO₂ trapped g-C₃N₄	Dicyandiamide, 560 °C, 2 h, N₂	12 nm PSB hard template	NH₄HF₂	~63	~0.29	~20	[25]
OCS/gCN	Melamine, 550 °C, 2 h, 2 °C?min^?1, air	260?320 nm SiO₂ nanosphere hard template	HF	~105	~0.123	~260?320	[26]
Meso-g-C₃N₄/WP/Meso-g-C₃N₄	Cyanamide, 550 °C, 4 h, 3 °C?min^?1, N₂	8?15 nm SiO₂ hard template	0.5 mol?L^?1 HF	~82	—	~8?15	[27]
CN?MCF-0.4	Carbon tetrachloride, ethylenediamine, 90 °C, 6 h, 600 °C, 5 h, 3 °C?min^?1, Ar	35.7 nm MCF hard template	4.0 mol?L^?1 NH₄HF₂	~498	~1.36	~5.3	[29]
mpg?C₃N_4-δ	Dicyandiamide, 550 °C, 4 h, 2.3 °C?min^?1, N₂	12 nm SiO₂ hard template	4.0 mol?L^?1 NH₄HF₂, 24 h	~218.15	~0.69	~12.57	[30]
PCNCs?ANT^a	Melamine, 550 °C, 2 h, 2 °C?min^?1	6.7 nm ZnO hard template	4.0 mol?L^?1 NaOH	~32	~0.103	~16.8	[31]
g-C₃N₄	Melamine, 500 °C, 2 h, air	P123 soft template		~90	—	—	[34]
Bulk-g-C₃N₄	Melamine, 600 °C, 2 h, Ar	P123 soft template		~90	—	~15	[34]
g-C₃N₄/SnO₂	Thiourea, SnCl₄, 550 °C, 2 h, 10 °C?min^?1	HCl, H₂O soft template		~44.3	2.638	~100?430	[35]
C₃N₄@TiO₂	Melamine, 400 °C, 2 h, N₂, 2 h, air	Melamine soft template		~44.7	~0.11	~10.7	[37]
N-RGO	Graphene oxide, melamine, 900 °C, 30 min, 5 °C?min^?1	Ice soft template		~190	~0.99	~20?200	[38]
CNF-0.005	Melamine, 550 °C, 4 h, 3 °C?min^?1, N₂	Cyanuric acid-melamine supramolcular aggregates & ionic liquid soft template		~381	~0.85	~15	[39]
PCNM	Melamine, urea, 550 °C, 4 h, N₂	Melamine soft template		~78	~0.76	—	[40]
g-C₃N₄ ultrathin nanosheet	Melamine, glutaraldehyde, 800 °C, 2 h, Ar	Cyanuric acid soft template		~84	—	~3	[48]
g-C₃N₄ bundles	Melamine, 500 °C, 4 h, N₂	PEG-PPG-PEG soft template		~40.974	—	~100	[49]
g-C₃N₄ beads	Dicyandiamide, 530?600 °C, 2 h, N₂	PSB soft template		~58	~0.15	~30?90	[50]
P-C₃N₄	Melamine, 550 °C, 4 h	Free		~40.89	~0.2	—	[43]
2MCN/2UCN	Melamine, urea, 550 °C, 1.5 h, 5 °C?min^?1, N₂	Free		~41	~0.24	~23	[44]
5% La/g-CNT	Melamine, 550 °C, 2 h, air	Free		~4	~0.0623	~2.8	[45]
CN/Fe-1	Urea, 600 °C, 4 h, 5 °C?min^?1	Free		~48.19	—	—	[46]
g-C₃N₄ NS/TMC	Melamine, 550 °C, 3 h, 2.3 °C?min^?1, air	Free		~57.4	—	—	[47]
g-C₃N₄/Ag₃PO₄	Urea, 550 °C, 4 h, Ar	Free		~20.84	~0.083	~16	[51]
Brookite/anatase TiO₂/g-C₃N₄	Hexadecylamine, 550 °C, 4 h, 3 °C?min^?1, N₂	Free		~37	~0.2	~18	[52]
g-C₃N₄ nanosheet	Melamine, 550 °C, 4 h, 500 °C, 2 h, Ar	Free		~190.1	~0.61	~5?25	[53]
Fe₂O₃(6.6)/CNS^b	Thiourea, 535 °C, 3 h, 3 °C?min^?1, air	Free		~33.5	~0.195	~25	[54]
g-C₃N₄/MoS₂	Thiourea, 500 °C, 2 h, 2 °C?min^?1	Free		~45	—	—	[55]

下載: 導出CSV

259luxu-164

參考文獻(55)

[1]	Tian H F, Song L M. Recent advances of g-C₃N₄ visible light photocatalysts. J Tianjin Polytech Univ, 2012, 31(6): 55 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-024X.2012.06.014 田海鋒, 宋立民. g-C₃N₄光催化劑研究進展. 天津工業大學學報, 2012, 31(6):55 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-024X.2012.06.014
[2]	He F, Wang Z X, Li Y X, et al. The nonmetal modulation of composition and morphology of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts. Appl Catal B, 2020, 269: 118828 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118828
[3]	Yan Q Y, Zhao C C, Zhang L, et al. Facile two-step synthesis of porous carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic activity using a soft template. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2019, 7(4): 3866 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04873
[4]	Babu B, Shim J, Kadam A N, et al. Modification of porous g-C₃N₄ nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic activity: In-situ synthesis and optimization of NH₄Cl quantity. Catal Commun, 2019, 124: 123 doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.01.009
[5]	Lu J, Wang Y, Huang J F, et al. One-step synthesis of g-C₃N₄ hierarchical porous structure nanosheets with dramatic ultraviolet light photocatalytic activity. Mater Sci Eng B, 2016, 214: 19 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2016.08.003
[6]	Han D Y, Liu J, Cai H, et al. High-yield and low-cost method to synthesize large-area porous g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with improved photocatalytic activity for gaseous nitric oxide and 2-propanol photodegradation. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 464: 577 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.108
[7]	Li Y, Zhang D N, Fan J J, et al. Highly crystalline carbon nitride hollow spheres with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Chin J Catal, 2021, 42: 627
[8]	Yang Z X, Chu D L, Jia G R, et al. Significantly narrowed bandgap and enhanced charge separation in porous, nitrogen-vacancy red g-C₃N₄ for visible light photocatalytic H₂ production. Appl Surf Sci, 2020, 504: 144407 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144407
[9]	Wu X H, Ma H Q, Zhong W, et al. Porous crystalline g-C₃N₄: Bifunctional NaHCO₃ template-mediated synthesis and improved photocatalytic H₂-evolution rate. Appl Catal B, 2020, 271: 118899 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118899
[10]	Chen J Q, Lin W T, Xie L Y, et al. Templated fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride with ordered mesoporous nanostructures for high-efficient photocatalytic bacterial inactivation under visible light irradiation. J Nanomater, 2019, 2019: 3242136
[11]	Chen W, Liu M, Wei S J, et al. Solid-state synthesis of ultrathin MoS₂ as a cocatalyst on mesoporous g-C₃N₄ for excellent enhancement of visible light photoactivity. J Alloys Compd, 2020, 836: 155401 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155401
[12]	Wu M, Yan J M, Zhang X W, et al. Synthesis of g-C₃N₄ with heating acetic acid treated melamine and its photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution. Appl Surf Sci, 2015, 354: 196 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.01.132
[13]	Xiao J D, Xie Y B, Li C H, et al. Enhanced hole-dominated photocatalytic activity of doughnut-like porous g-C₃N₄ driven by down-shifted valance band maximum. Catal Today, 2018, 307: 147 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.02.024
[14]	Li Y Y, Zhu S L, Liang Y Q, et al. One-step synthesis of Mo and S co-doped porous g-C₃N₄ nanosheets for efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl Surf Sci, 2021, 536: 147743
[15]	Zhang M, Xu J, Zong R L, et al. Enhancement of visible light photocatalytic activities via porous structure of g-C₃N₄. Appl Catal B, 2014, 147: 229 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.09.002
[16]	He F, Chen G, Zhou Y S, et al. The facile synthesis of mesoporous g-C₃N₄ with highly enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution performance. Chem Commun, 2015, 51(90): 16244 doi: 10.1039/C5CC06713H
[17]	Li X B, Xiong J, Gao X M, et al. Recent advances in 3D g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting, degradation of pollutants and CO₂ reduction. J Alloys Compd, 2019, 802: 196 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.06.185
[18]	Chen D, Yang J, Ding H. Synthesis of nanoporous carbon nitride using calcium carbonate as templates with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Appl Surf Scie, 2017, 391: 384
[19]	Wang W, Fang J J, Chen H. Nano-confined g-C₃N₄ in mesoporous SiO₂ with improved quantum size effect and tunable structure for photocatalytic tetracycline antibiotic degradation. J Alloys Compd, 2020, 819: 153064 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153064
[20]	Li Y P, Qu W P, Huang L Y, et al. Porous-C₃N₄ with high ability for selective adsorption and photodegradation of dyes under visible-light. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater, 2017, 27(6): 1674 doi: 10.1007/s10904-017-0629-2
[21]	Liu H J, Wu H N, Lü J, et al. SBA-15 templated mesoporous graphitic C₃N₄ for remarkably enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light. Nano, 2019, 14(11): 1950136 doi: 10.1142/S1793292019501364
[22]	Wang J J, Wang Y, Wang W, et al. Tunable mesoporous g-C₃N₄ nanosheets as a metal-free catalyst for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic reduction of U(VI). Chem Eng J, 2020, 383: 123193 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123193
[23]	Zhao H M, Di C M, Wang L, et al. Synthesis of mesoporous graphitic C₃N₄ using cross-linked bimodal mesoporous SBA-15 as a hard template. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 2015, 208: 98 doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.01.047
[24]	Ovcharov M, Shcherban N, Filonenko S, et al. Hard template synthesis of porous carbon nitride materials with improved efficiency for photocatalytic CO₂ utilization. Mater Sci Eng B, 2015, 202: 1 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2015.08.003
[25]	Wu W B, Li X, Ruan Z H, et al. Fabrication of a TiO₂ trapped meso/macroporous g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst and understanding its enhanced photocatalytic activity based on optical simulation analysis. Inorg Chem Front, 2018, 5(2): 481 doi: 10.1039/C7QI00751E
[26]	Baca M, Dworczak M, Aleksandrzak M, et al. Mesoporous carbon/graphitic carbon nitride spheres for photocatalytic H₂ evolution under solar light irradiation. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(15): 8618 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.105
[27]	Yang Z K, Xing Z P, Feng Q M, et al. Sandwich-like mesoporous graphite-like carbon nitride(Meso-g-C₃N₄)/WP/Meso-g-C₃N₄ laminated heterojunctions solar-driven photocatalysts. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2020, 568: 255 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.060
[28]	Chen Z X, Zheng B Y, Li X X, et al. Progress in the preparation of nanomaterials employing template method. Chem Ind Eng Prog, 2010, 29(1): 94 陳彰旭, 鄭炳云, 李先學, 等. 模板法制備納米材料研究進展. 化工進展, 2010, 29(1):94
[29]	Xu J, Shen K, Xue B, et al. Synthesis of three-dimensional mesostructured graphitic carbon nitride materials and their application as heterogeneous catalysts for knoevenagel condensation reactions. Catal Lett, 2013, 143(6): 600 doi: 10.1007/s10562-013-0994-6
[30]	Zhang S, Hu C, Ji H H, et al. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-deficient mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride for highly efficient photocatalytic performance. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 478: 304 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.270
[31]	Tang J, Zhang Q T, Liu Y T, et al. The photocatalytic redox properties of polymeric carbon nitride nanocages(PCNCs) with mesoporous hollow spherical structures prepared by a ZnO-template method. Microporous Mesoporous Mater, 2020, 292: 109639 doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109639
[32]	Iqbal W, Wang L Z, Tan X J, et al. One-step in situ green template mediated porous graphitic carbon nitride for efficient visible light photocatalytic activity. J Environ Chem Eng, 2017, 5(4): 3500 doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.07.011
[33]	Fei B, Tang Y W, Wang X Y, et al. One-pot synthesis of porous g-C₃N₄ nanomaterials with different morphologies and their superior photocatalytic performance. Mater Res Bull, 2018, 102: 209 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.02.041
[34]	Yan H J. Soft-templating synthesis of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution under visible light. Chem Commun, 2012, 48(28): 3430 doi: 10.1039/c2cc00001f
[35]	Chen Y Z, Li W H, Jiang D J, et al. Facile synthesis of bimodal macroporous g-C₃N₄/SnO₂ nanohybrids with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chin Sci Bull, 2019, 64(1): 44
[36]	Panneri S, Ganguly P, Nair B N, et al. Role of precursors on the photophysical properties of carbon nitride and its application for antibiotic degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2017, 24(9): 8609 doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8538-z
[37]	Li F X, Xiao X D, Zhao C, et al. TiO₂-on-C₃N₄ double-shell microtubes: In-situ fabricated heterostructures toward enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2020, 572: 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.071
[38]	Kota M, Yu X, Yeon S H, et al. Ice-templated three dimensional nitrogen doped graphene for enhanced supercapacitor performance. J Power Sources, 2016, 303: 372 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.006
[39]	Zhao S, Fang J S, Wang Y Y, et al. Construction of three-dimensional mesoporous carbon nitride with high surface area for efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2020, 561: 601 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.035
[40]	Liang Q H, Li Z, Yu X L, et al. Macroscopic 3D porous graphitic carbon nitride monolith for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv Mater, 2015, 27(31): 4634 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502057
[41]	Azimi E B, Badiei A, Sabr M H, et al. A template-free method to synthesize porous G-C₃N₄ with efficient visible light photodegradation of organic pollutants in water. Adv Powder Technol, 2018, 29(11): 2785 doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.07.027
[42]	She X J, Liu L, Ji H Y, et al. Template-free synthesis of 2D porous ultrathin nonmetal-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with highly efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution from water under visible light. Appl Catal B, 2016, 187: 144 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.046
[43]	Wang P Y, Guo C S, Hou S, et al. Template-free synthesis of bubble-like phosphorus-doped carbon nitride with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. J Alloys Compd, 2018, 769: 503 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.034
[44]	Xu Q L, Ma D K, Yang S B, et al. Novel g-C₃N₄/g-C₃N₄ S-scheme isotype heterojunction for improved photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 495: 143555 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143555
[45]	Muhammad A, Tahir M, Al-Shahrani S S, et al. Template free synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes mediated by lanthanum (La/g-CNT) for selective photocatalytic CO₂ reduction via dry reforming of methane (DRM) to fuels. Appl Surf Sci, 2020, 504: 144177 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144177
[46]	Luo B, Song R, Geng J F, et al. Strengthened spatial charge separation over Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution. Appl Surf Sci, 2019, 475: 453 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.285
[47]	Elbanna O, Fujitsuka M, Majima T. g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ mesocrystals composite for H₂ evolution under visible-light irradiation and its charge carrier dynamics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9(40): 34844 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b08548
[48]	Zhao S, Zhang Y W, Zhou Y M, et al. Facile one-step synthesis of hollow mesoporous g-C₃N₄ spheres with ultrathin nanosheets for photoredox water splitting. Carbon, 2018, 126: 247 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.033
[49]	Dai X H, Han Z W, Waterhouse G I N, et al. Ordered graphitic carbon nitride tubular bundles with efficient electron-hole separation and enhanced photocatalytic performance for hydrogen generation. Appl Catal A, 2018, 566: 200 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2018.09.001
[50]	Li Y D, Jiang Y Q, Ruan Z H, et al. Simulation-guided synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride beads with 3D interconnected and continuous meso/macropore channels for enhanced light absorption and photo-catalytic performance. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5: 21300 doi: 10.1039/C7TA06626K
[51]	Jiang D L, Zhu J J, Chen M, et al. Highly efficient heterojunction photocatalyst based on nanoporous g-C₃N₄ sheets modified by Ag₃PO₄ nanoparticles: Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2014, 417: 115 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.11.042
[52]	Wei H, McMaster W A, Tan J Z Y, et al. Tricomponent brookite/anatase TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction in mesoporous hollow microspheres for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis. J Mater Chem A, 2018, 6(16): 7236 doi: 10.1039/C8TA00386F
[53]	Xu J, Wang Z P, Zhu Y F. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic disinfection performance and organic pollutant degradation activity of porous g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9(33): 27727 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b07657
[54]	Jourshabani M, Shariatinia Z, Badiei A. High efficiency visible-light-driven Fe₂O_3?_xS_x/S-doped g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalysts: Direct Z-scheme mechanism. J Mater Sci Technol, 2018, 34(9): 1511 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.12.020
[55]	Qi Y R, Liang Q H, Lü R T, et al. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous g-C₃N₄/MoS₂ hybrid catalysts. R Soc Open Sci, 2018, 5(5): 180187 doi: 10.1098/rsos.180187