Research progress in encapsulation and application of shape-stabilized composite phase-change materials
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摘要: 有機相變材料具有熱存儲密度高、自身溫度和體積變化小、腐蝕性小和化學性質穩定等優點，能有效提升不可再生能源的利用率，是一種綠色節能環保材料，在新能源開發和熱能儲存領域起著至關重要的作用。然而，有機相變儲能材料普遍存在相變過程中熔融泄漏和熱導率低的問題，嚴重制約了相變材料的實際應用。因此，相變材料的封裝定形和導熱強化成為近年來的研究熱點。本文針對有機相變材料普遍存在的泄漏和熱導率低問題，綜述了有機相變材料的封裝技術和導熱強化技術的基本方法及最新研究成果，并總結了復合相變儲能材料的能量轉換機理，淺談了復合定形相變儲能材料在建筑節能、太陽能和電子設備等領域的應用情況。最后，對未來復合定形相變儲能材料發展的研究重點和方向進行了展望。Abstract: Currently, energy demand and consumption problems have become a focus issue due to rapid economic growth, environmental pollution, and energy shortages. Hence, new technologies must be explored and developed for the recovery of wasted energy or to harness solar energy. Thermal energy storage will not only improve energy utilization efficiency and store wasted heat; it will also ease the problem of energy supply and demand. Thermal energy storage is considered to be one of the most efficient approaches for the sustainable control and utilization of energy. Organic phase-change energy storage as a strategy for thermal energy storage has attracted widespread attention in recent years by virtues of its high latent storage capacity, suitable phase-change temperature, chemical and thermal stability, non-toxicity, and nearly absent supercooling properties. However, the leakage problem and low conductivity of organic phase-change materials during the phase-change process hinder their practical application. Leakage can cause serious environmental damage and reduce thermal energy storage. Low thermal conductivity can result in a large temperature gradient and insensitivity to temperature changes, thereby reducing the heat transfer efficiency of phase-change materials. To solve the above issues, various encapsulation techniques have been developed and substances with high thermal conductivity have become a research hotspot. In this work, we summarized three main approaches—porous absorption, microencapsulation, and electrospinning—to prepare shape-stabilized phase-change materials. For porous absorption, we identified some widely available, low-cost renewable materials that can be used as support material for fabricating composite phase-change materials, such as biomass-derived wood, winter melon, potatoes, and cotton. In addition, the energy conversion mechanism of composite phase-change materials was discussed. The applications of phase-change materials in solar absorption refrigeration systems, solar energy systems, energy storage systems for buildings, passive thermal management of batteries, cold storage, and photovoltaic electricity generation were summarized. Lastly, future research directions on composite phase-change energy storage materials were also proposed.
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Key words:
- thermal energy storage /
- phase-change materials /
- encapsulation /
- thermal conductivity /
- applications
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圖 1 木基復合相變材料的制備及性能表征[14]。（a）木基復合相變材料的制備熱儲存示意圖；（b）相變材料浸漬前木材的微觀結構；（c）相變材料浸漬后木材的微觀結構
Figure 1. Preparation and performance of wood-based composite phase-change materials[14]: (a) schematic representation of the preparation of transparent wood for thermal energy storage; (b) SEM images of microstructure of wood before impregnation with phase-change material; (c) SEM images of microstructure of wood after impregnation with phase-change material
圖 2 二氧化硅微膠囊的制備及微觀形貌[27]。（a）二氧化硅微膠囊的制備流程示意圖；（b） 50%質量分數SA的微膠囊形貌；（c） 60%質量分數SA的微膠囊形貌；（d） 70%質量分數SA的微膠囊形貌；（e） 80%質量分數SA的微膠囊形貌
Figure 2. Preparation process and micromorphology of silica microcapsule[27]: (a) schematic of the synthesis of shape stabilized phase change materials based on stearic acid and mesoporous hollow SiO2 microspheres; (b) SEM images of SA/SiO2 with 50% mass fractions of SA; (c) SEM images of SA/SiO2 with 60% mass fractions of SA; (d) SEM images of SA/SiO2 with 70% mass fractions of SA; (e) SEM images of SA/SiO2 with 80% mass fractions of SA
圖 4 能量轉換機理。（a）光熱轉換機理示意圖；（b）電熱轉換示意圖
Figure 4. Schematic of energy conversion mechanism: (a) photo-thermal conversion phase change materials (PCMs); (b) electric–thermal PCMs
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