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基于前饋模型預測控制的類車機器人路徑跟蹤

Path tracking of car-like robots based on feed-forward model predictive control

  • 摘要: 在類車機器人路徑跟蹤控制方法中,模型預測控制(Model predictive control, MPC)在處理系統約束方面具有較大優勢,但是現有的非線性模型預測控制(Nonlinear MPC, NMPC)實時性較差,線性模型預測控制(Linear MPC, LMPC)精確性較差,因此亟需提出一種同時具有較高精確性與實時性的類車機器人路徑跟蹤控制方法. 為此,以無預瞄點的LMPC為基礎,引入基于逆運動學模型的前饋轉向角信息,提出了一種前饋模型預測控制(Feedforward MPC, FMPC)方法,并通過MATLAB和Carsim進行了聯合仿真測試. FMPC具有較高的精確性,在所有仿真結果中,位移誤差絕對值不超過0.1110 m,航向誤差絕對值不超過0.1177 rad. 在相同工況下,FMPC與NMPC精確性相當,LMPC、前饋控制和Stanley控制誤差發散. FMPC也具有較高的實時性,在每個控制周期內的解算時間不超過4.31 ms. 在相同工況下,FMPC與LMPC實時性相當,相比NMPC能將每個控制周期內解算時間的最大值減小80.68%,平均值減小65.14%. 此外,FMPC能夠保證控制變量在系統約束范圍內,且受定位誤差的影響較小.

     

    Abstract: Car-like robots are mobile robots commonly used in manufacturing and warehousing. This type of robot has a mechanical structure similar to that of an unmanned vehicle, which uses the front wheels as steering structures. However, this type of robot has characteristics that significantly influence path tracking control relative to unmanned vehicles, such as a larger magnitude of reference path curvature, a smaller range of system constraints, and a lower degree of part standardization. Consequently, several research efforts dedicated to path tracking for car-like robots have emerged. Among the path-tracking control methods for car-like robots, model predictive control (MPC) has a tremendous advantage in dealing with system constraints. However, the existing nonlinear model predictive control (Nonlinear MPC, NMPC) has inferior real-time performance, and the linear model predictive control (LMPC) has poor accuracy. Therefore, a path-tracking control method for car-like robots with high accuracy and superior real-time performance needs to be developed. Because the reason for the low accuracy of LMPC in paths with significant curvature changes is that the response of LMPC is not timely after the curvature change, the idea of combining LMPC and feed-forward information is adopted. The basis of path-tracking controller for car-like robots is the LMPC. The reference front wheel angle at the reference path point in front of the car-like robot is obtained as a feed-forward signal through an inverse kinematic model. A feed-forward optimization objective function that conforms to the LMPC architecture is designed, and a feed-forward model predictive control (FMPC) is proposed by combining the feed-forward optimization objective function with the LMPC. The FMPC is tested by joint simulation using MATLAB and CarSim. The FMPC has high accuracy, the absolute value of the displacement error in all of the simulation results does not exceed 0.1110 m, and the absolute value of the heading error does not exceed 0.1177 rad. The accuracy of the FMPC is comparable to that of the NMPC under the same conditions, and the errors of LMPC, feed-forward control, and Stanley control are dispersed under these conditions. The FMPC also has superior real-time performance, and the solving time in each control period does not exceed 4.31 ms. Under the same conditions, the FMPC is comparable to the LMPC in terms of real-time performance and can reduce the maximum value of the solving time in each control cycle by 80.68% and the average value by 65.14% compared with the NMPC. The FMPC can also ensure that the control variables are within the system constraints and are less affected by positioning errors.

     

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