Migration and transformation of water in paste and numerical deduction of its rheological behavior under pulse pumping environment
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摘要: 通過微細觀結構分析、低場核磁共振量化研究，科學、準確地描述膏體跨尺度顆粒群存在形態與水分賦存狀態，并基于有限元和離散元耦合數值分析方法分析了泵壓擾動下膏體顆粒流態演化規律。研究發現，膏體料漿中的吸附水、間隙水和弱自由水存在動態連通與轉化行為，并主要以吸附水形式存在，低場核磁共振技術(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)弛豫強度與吸附水峰面積非線性增強，與料漿的流動表現出顯著的正相關性。液網結構與絮網結構反映了導水通道的活躍性與力鏈結構的強度，共同組成了膏體穩定性與流動性的雙支撐骨架結構。通過Fluent-EDEM軟件耦合模擬，分析了脈沖泵壓環境顆粒運動行為，在速度差的影響下高、低流速顆粒沖擊擾動加劇，力鏈接觸作用增強，流態均勻性和整體顆粒運動穩定性可有效提高。Abstract: The development of green resources and deep mining face several challenges, including prominent safety hazards associated with deep mining and severe environmental pollution in mining areas. Paste-filling technology, designed to eliminate tailing ponds and control subsidence in mined-out regions, innovatively uses mined solid waste with the principle of "one filling for three wastes, one waste treatment for two harms," thus forming a mining approach characterized by a high recovery rate and low impoverishment rate. This technology possesses unique advantages in both mitigating environmental pollution and managing stress factors in deep mining. Paste filling has emerged as an effective solution for deep and green mining. Paste backfill technology, with its considerable potential, may become an impactful solution for future deep and green mining. However, it is difficult to accurately describe the rheological behavior and flow process of paste due to its diverse composition and variable transport environment. In this study, micro- and macrostructures and quantitative analysis of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) were employed to describe the existing form of cross-scale particle groups and the water occurrence state in a paste. In addition, the flow pattern evolution law of paste particles under the disturbance of pump pressure was analyzed using the finite element and discrete element coupling numerical analysis method. The results indicated that adsorption water, interstitial water, and weak free water in paste exhibited dynamic connectivity and transformation behavior, with water predominantly existing in an adsorbed state. According to the analysis of LF-NMR, the relaxation intensity and peak area of the adsorbed water were nonlinearly enhanced, demonstrating a pronounced positive correlation with the flow performance of the paste. The liquid network structure and the floc network structure reflected the activity of the water-flow channel and the strength of the force chain structure, respectively. These components together constituted a double-supported skeleton structure that determined the stability and fluidity of the paste. Furthermore, Fluent–EDEM coupling simulation was conducted to examine the particle movement behavior in a pulse-pumping environment; the velocity difference amplified the force chain contact effect, intensifying the impact disturbance of particles with high and low flow velocities, and considerably enhanced the flow uniformity and overall stability of particle motion. Generally, this study examined the mechanical response mechanism between particle groups and fluid drag in paste, establishing the intrinsic relationship between particle physical properties, spatial structure, and rheological characteristics. Furthermore, a constraint mechanism and control scheme were proposed for the long-distance and high-drop steady-state transportation of paste in a pulse compression environment. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the theoretical and engineering implications for achieving safe, environmentally friendly, economical, and efficient paste filling.
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Key words:
- paste backfill /
- pulse pump pressure /
- LF-NMR /
- moisture migration /
- double skeleton structure /
- rheological behavior
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圖 2 MacroMR12-150H-1LF-NMR分析與成像系統. (a) 低場核磁共振分析與成像設備；(b) 核磁共振樣品放置位置； (c) 實物照片
Figure 2. MacroMR12-150H-1 LF-NMR analysis and imaging system: (a) LF-NMR equipment; (b) nuclear magnetic resonance sample placement position; (c) photo of sample
圖 3 Ope.A1蔡司偏光顯微鏡(a)和膏體細觀圖像(b)
Figure 3. Ope.A1 zeiss polarizing microscope (a) and paste microscopic image (b)
圖 4 管道模擬模型(a)與EDEM虛擬標定(b)
Figure 4. Pipeline simulation model (a) and EDEM virtual calibration (b)
圖 5 不同減水劑摻量的膏體料漿T2弛豫特征
Figure 5. T2 relaxation characteristics of paste slurry with different water reducing agent
圖 8 膏體細觀顯微結構. (a) 1#料漿; (b) 2#料漿
Figure 8. Microstructure of paste: (a) slurry 1#; (b) slurry 2#
圖 9 水體網絡架構與分形特征. (a) 1#料漿二值化圖像; (b) 1#料漿分形維數; (c) 2#料漿二值化圖像; (d) 2#料漿分形維數
Figure 9. Basic structure and fractal characteristics of water network: (a) binary image of slurry 1#; (b) fractal dimension of slurry 1#; (c) binary image of slurry 2#; (d) fractal dimension of slurry 2#
圖 10 絮網和液網單元結構. (a) 絮網結構占主導作用; (b) 液網結構占主導作用
Figure 10. Flocculation net and liquid net unit structure: (a) predominated flocculation floc net structure; (b) predominated liquid network structure
圖 11 液網與絮團接觸邊緣線提取. (a) 1#料漿液網邊緣; (b) 2#料漿液網邊緣
Figure 11. Extraction of contact edge line between liquid screen and floc: (a) 1# edge of slurry screen; (b) 2# edge of slurry screen
圖 12 絮團面積統計. (a) 1#料漿; (b) 2#料漿
Figure 12. Floc area statistics: (a) 1# slurry; (b) 2# slurry
圖 14 脈沖來壓環境膏體顆粒流態Ⅰ
Figure 14. Paste particle flow pattern I under pulse pressure environment
圖 15 脈沖來壓環境膏體顆粒流態II(a)與固定流速穩定流態（b）
Figure 15. Paste particle flow pattern II (a) and stable flow pattern with fixed flow rate (b) diagram under pulse pressure environment
圖 16 脈沖來壓環境膏體顆粒流態Ⅲ
Figure 16. Paste particle flow pattern Ⅲ under pulse pressure environment
圖 17 顆粒接觸力鏈. (a) 脈沖來壓環境膏體顆粒接觸力鏈; (b) 固定流速穩定流態顆粒接觸力鏈
Figure 17. Contact force chain of particles: (a) pulse pressure environment; (b) steady flow particles with fixed velocity
表 1 全尾砂及水泥化學組成（質量分數）
Table 1. Chemical composition of total tailings and cement
% Material SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO S Other Total tailings 36.41 6.72 11.58 25.93 3.09 1.98 14.29 Cement 21.50 4.50 2.00 63.50 4.00 2.50 2.00 
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表 2 實驗材料配比方案
Table 2. Proportioning of experimental materials
Serial No. Mass
fraction /%Cement sand
mass ratioWater cement
mass ratio1# 80 1∶10 2.75∶1 2# 80 1∶10 2.75∶1 3# 80 1∶10 2.75∶1 4# 80 1∶10 2.75∶1
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