Rock breaking mechanism and the application of medium-deep hole–in-hole segmented blasting in rock roadway using digital electronic detonators
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摘要: 巖巷掘進中“速度的關鍵在掏槽”，針對目前掏槽爆破中破碎巖石難以拋擲、單循環進尺小、大塊率高等問題，提出了中深孔–孔內分段爆破技術. 采用數學建模，推導了中深孔–孔內分段爆破巖石拋擲所受的動、阻力公式；利用LS-DYNA進行數值模擬，分析了中深孔–孔內分段爆破應力波的傳播規律，并比較了不同分段比例下有效應力變化情況；將中深孔–孔內分段爆破應用于現場，對比了單循環進尺、炮孔利用率、孔痕率及大塊率等爆破效果指標. 結果表明，中深孔–孔內分段爆破巖石拋擲所受的阻力比普通楔形掏槽爆破的阻力小，動力作用時間短，能量損失少，更易爆破成腔. 提出了能夠使破碎巖石完全拋擲出腔的措施，并初步確定孔內分段的最優比例為0.6. 中深孔–孔內分段爆破增加了單循環進尺，提高了工作效率，具有良好的經濟社會效益.Abstract: “Cutting is the key to speed” in rock roadway excavation. With the aim of addressing the challenges related to broken rock disposal, low single-cycle penetration, and high block rate in the conventional straight hole and diagonal hole excavation blasting, the method of medium-deep holein-hole segmented blasting is proposed herein. The mathematical relations for the force and resistance required in the process of rock crushing and ejection in the groove of medium-deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting, as well as that for the expected value range of the key parameters of the cutting groove, were determined. LS-DYNA was used to numerically simulate the process of medium-deep hole-in-hole and ordinary wedge cut blasting. The nature of stress wave propagation during medium-deep hole-in-hole segmental blasting and the stress characteristics of the rock at the bottom of the hole were analyzed. Furthermore, the variation characteristics of the stress wave intensity were compared for different segmental proportions, and the optimal segmental proportions were determined. The results of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were applied to the excavation site of the rock roadway, and the blasting effect indices, such as singlecycle footage, hole utilization rate, eye mark rate, and block rate, of the medium-deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting and the ordinary wedge blasting schemes were compared. The results showed that rock can be ejected from the cavity when the dynamic force is greater than or equal to the resistance during the rock crushing and ejection process and that the resistance to rock ejection in the medium-deep holeinhole segmented blasting is less than that in ordinary wedge cut blasting, and it is easier to blast into the cavity. Best practices for achieving the complete ejection of broken rocks from the cavity are proposed, and theoretical support for determining the parameters, such as the depth of the hole, is provided. As compared to ordinary wedge cut blasting, producing a large blasting cavity through medium-deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting is easier, which is more favorable for subsequent blasting. The optimal ratio of the hole-in-hole segmented blasting was initially determined to be 0.6. Medium and deep hole-inhole segmented blasting increases the single-cycle footage, improves the utilization rate of the hole, reduces the working time, reduces construction cost, and has excellent economic and socialadvantages.
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圖 1 中深孔–孔內分段爆破位置及爆破順序
Figure 1. Position and sequence of the medium deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting
圖 2 斷面中心區域炮孔布置及孔內分段情況
Figure 2. Layout of the holes in the central area of the section and the explosive segmentation in the holes
圖 3 中深孔–孔內分段爆破斷面中心區域槽腔模型
Figure 3. Cavity model of the central area in which medium deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting is performed
圖 5 爆力分解. (a) FB和自由面成90°–α角; (b) FB和自由面平行
Figure 5. Components of the explosive force : (a) FB and free surface form a 90°–α angle; (b) FB is parallel to the free plane
圖 6 分解后爆力的數值變化
Figure 6. Variation in the magnitude of the explosive force after decomposition
圖 7 楔形掏槽爆破炮孔布置及測點位置
Figure 7. Layout of the wedge cut blasting hole and the positions of the measurement points
圖 8 楔形掏槽爆破應力波強度變化特征(單位：1010 Pa). (a) 99 μs; (b) 599 μs; (c) 999 μs
Figure 8. Variation characteristics of the stress wave intensity during wedge cut blasting (unit: 1010 Pa): (a) 99 μs; (b) 599 μs; (c) 999 μs
圖 9 中深孔–孔內分段爆破應力波強度變化特征(單位：1010 Pa). (a) 20 μs; (b) 99 μs; (c) 299 μs; (d) 599 μs; (e) 799 μs; (f) 999 μs
Figure 9. Variation characteristics of the stress wave intensity during medium deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting (Unit: 1010 Pa): (a) 20 μs; (b) 99 μs; (c) 299 μs; (d) 599 μs; (e) 799 μs; (f) 999 μs
圖 10 兩種爆破方式下孔底有效應力變化曲線. (a)普通楔形掏槽; (b)中深孔–孔內分段
Figure 10. Effective stress variation at the bottom of the hole for two blasting methods : (a) ordinary wedge cut; (b) medium-deep hole–in-hole segmented
圖 11 兩種爆破方式下孔底有效應力強度峰值對比
Figure 11. Comparison of the effective stress intensity peaks at the bottom of the hole for the two blasting methods
圖 12 不同分段比例下中深孔–孔內分段爆破有效應力變化曲線. (a) 0.4; (b) 0.5; (c) 0.7
Figure 12. Effective stress variation during medium deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting under different segmentation ratios: (a) 0.4; (b) 0.5; (c) 0.7
圖 13 不同分段比例下中深孔–孔內分段爆破有效應力強度峰值對比
Figure 13. Comparison of the effective stress intensity peaks during medium deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting under different segmentation ratios
圖 14 原始爆破方案爆破效果. (a)爆后斷面; (b)大塊矸石
Figure 14. Effects of the original blasting scheme: (a) post-explosion section; (b) large gangue
圖 15 中深孔–孔內分段爆破圖表(方案4)
Figure 15. Medium deep hole-in-hole segmented blasting (Scheme 4)
表 1 爆破所用炸藥參數
Table 1. Explosion parameters
Density/(g·cm?3) Detonation velocity/(m·s?1) Detonation pressure/GPa JWL state equation parameters A/GPa B/GPa G1 G2 E0/GPa 1.6 3800 2.55 214.4 0.185 4.15 0.95 4.19 
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表 2 巖石模型部分力學參數
Table 2. Mechanical parameters of the rock model
Density/(g·cm?3) Elastic modulus/GPa Dynamic compressive strength/MPa Dynamic tensile strength/MPa Poisson ratio 2.16 38.5 128 16.3 0.27
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表 3 炮泥模型部分力學參數
Table 3. Mechanical parameters of the gun-clay model
Density/(g·cm?3) Shear modulus/MPa Cohesion/MPa Angle of internal friction/(°) Poisson ratio 1.35 30 0.29 0.62 0.29
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表 4 4種新方案的部分主要參數
Table 4. Key parameters of the four new schemes
Scheme (Cut hole length/depth)/(mm/mm) Other hole depth/mm Angle between cutting slot
and free surface/(°)Total number of holes Total explosive used/kg Explosive specific consumption/(kg·m?3) New scheme 1 2350/2300 2150 80 110 97.4 2.21 New scheme 2 2500/2450 2250 80 119 90.2 1.92 New scheme 3 2600/2550 2250 80 108 97.4 2.10 New scheme 4 3000/2950 2600 79 126 144.2 2.39
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表 5 原方案和新方案爆破效果對比
Table 5. Comparison of the blasting effects of the original and new schemes
Scheme Single loop footage/m Hole utilization/% Hole mark ratio/% Bulk ratio/% Original scheme 1.5 83.3 84.1 9.7 New scheme 1 2.0 93 90.9 2.1 New scheme 2 2.13 94.7 90.1 2.0 New scheme 3 2.10 93.3 95.4 1.7 New scheme 4 2.45 94.2 94.8 1.7
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表 6 新方案現場爆破情況
Table 6. Field blasting of the new schemes
Half-hole marks Explosive reactor Section forming New scheme 1 
New scheme 2 
New scheme 3 
New scheme 4 
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