Energy dissipation and fracture characteristics of composite layered rock under dynamic load
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摘要: 利用砂巖、大理巖、花崗巖制作6種不同組合方式的層狀復合巖石，采用分離式霍普金森壓桿試驗系統，對不同組合方式的層狀巖石進行動態沖擊試驗，利用高速相機記錄其破壞形態，分析復合巖石材料的動態斷裂模式、波阻抗效應以及能量耗散規律，探究不同復合巖石試件的動能及斷裂能關系. 利用離散格子彈簧模型模擬復合巖石試件的動態斷裂過程，分析復合試件的應力波傳播特性及應力、損傷演化規律. 研究結果表明：復合巖石材料的動態斷裂特征與上下層材料具有相關性，當下層材料動態起裂韌度較低時，裂紋從起裂至擴展到巖石膠結面歷時較短. 上層材料對于復合巖石的應力傳導作用具有較大的相關性，上層材料密度越大，更有利于透射波傳遞，應力傳導效果越好，而下層材料與上層材料密度相差越大，膠結面上下端應力差越大；受波阻抗效應影響，復合巖石試件應力波的傳播行為具有明顯差異，波阻抗越大應力波傳播速度越快，透射系數越大，產生更多的透射能；復合巖石試件的耗散能時密度、動能及斷裂能與上下層巖石材料的密度有關，下層材料不變，上層材料密度越大時，耗散能時密度及斷裂能更小，試件完全斷裂時獲得較大的動能.Abstract: Six combinations of layered composite rocks were prepared using sandstone, dali rock, and granite. The composite rock specimens underwent a dynamic impact test using the separated Hopkinson pressure rod test system, and the failure patterns of the specimens were recorded using high-speed cameras. The dynamic fracture mode, wave impedance effect, and energy dissipation nature of these composite rock specimens were analyzed, and the relationship between their kinetic energy and fracture energy was explored. The discrete lattice spring model was used to simulate the dynamic fracture process of the composite rock specimens, and the stress wave propagation characteristics and stress and damage evolution nature of the composite specimens were analyzed. The results show that the dynamic fracture characteristics of composite rock materials are strongly influenced by the uppermost and lowermost layer materials. When the dynamic cracking toughness of the material in the lower layer is low, the crack can maintain a high propagation speed and requires a short time from initiation to expansion to the rock cemented surface. The upper layer material has a greater influence on the stress conduction of the composite rock specimen. The overall transmission capacity depends on the upper layer material such that the greater its density, the more conducive it is to wave transmission and the better the stress conduction. The greater the difference in the densities of the lower and upper layer materials, the greater the difference between the stresses at the upper and lower ends of the rock cemented surface. Wave impedance has a significant effect on the propagation behavior of the stress wave. The propagation speed of the stress wave in the composite specimen is influenced by the porosity and density of the material. The larger the wave impedance, the faster the propagation speed of the stress wave, the larger the transmission coefficient, and the higher the energy transmitted. When energy is dissipated, the density, kinetic energy, and fracture energy of the composite rock specimen are influenced by the densities of the materials in the upper and lower layers. If the lower layer material is unchanged, a higher density of the upper layer material results in a smaller density and fracture energy when the energy is dissipated, yielding more kinetic energy when the specimen is completely fractured. When the upper layer material remains unchanged and the density of the lower material is increased, the cutting tip is more likely to crack, and the density and fracture energy are smaller when the energy is dissipated.
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圖 1 復合巖石試件示意圖. (a) SD試件；(b) DS試件；(c) SH試件；(d) HS試件；(e) DH試件；(f) HD試件
Figure 1. Schematic of the composite rock specimens: (a) SD specimen; (b) DS specimen; (c) SH specimen; (d) HS specimen; (e) DH specimen; (f) HD specimen
圖 2 SD試件制作過程. （a）砂巖NSCB試件；（b）大理巖NSCB試件；（c）SD試件組合
Figure 2. Manufacturing process of the SD specimens: (a) sandstone NSCB specimens; (b) marble NSCB specimen; (c) SD specimen combination
圖 3 復合巖石試件實物圖. (a) SD試件；(b) DS試件；(c) SH試件；(d) HS試件；(e) DH試件；(f) HD試件
Figure 3. Photographs of the composite rock specimens: (a) SD specimen; (b) DS specimen; (c) SH specimen; (d) HS specimen; (e) DH specimen; (f) HD specimen
圖 4 顆粒及彈簧韌帶. （a）法向和切向彈簧；（b）作用在顆粒上的力
Figure 4. Granular and spring ligaments: (a) normal and tangential springs; (b) force acting on particles
圖 5 不同復合巖石試件模型. (a) SD試件；(b) DS試件；(c) SH試件；(d) HS試件；(e) DH試件；(f) HD試件
Figure 5. Models of the composite rock specimens: (a) SD specimen; (b) DS specimen; (c) SH specimen; (d) HS specimen; (e) DH specimen; (f) HD specimen
圖 6 模型邊界條件及監測點的設置
Figure 6. Boundary conditions of the model and setting of the monitoring points
圖 7 復合試件的動態斷裂過程. (a) SD試件；(b) DS試件；(c) SH試件；(d) HS試件；(e) DH試件；(f) HD試件
Figure 7. Dynamic fracture process of the composite rock specimens: (a) SD specimen; (b) DS specimen; (c) SH specimen; (d) HS specimen; (e) DH specimen; (f) HD specimen
圖 8 復合巖石試件透射系數變化
Figure 8. Variation in the transmission coefficient of the composite rock specimens
圖 9 復合巖石試件的透射能流密度曲線
Figure 9. Transmission energy flow density curve of the composite rock specimens
圖 10 復合巖石試件的耗散能時密度曲線
Figure 10. Density curve of the composite rock specimens at dissipated energy
圖 11 復合試件動能(a)及斷裂能(b)占比
Figure 11. Ratio of the kinetic energy (a) and fracture energy (b) of the composite rock specimens
圖 12 復合試件動態斷裂模擬過程. (a) SD試件；(b) DS試件；(c) SH試件；(d) HS試件；(e) DH試件；(f) HD試件
Figure 12. Dynamic fracture simulation of the composite rock specimens: (a) SD specimen; (b) DS specimen; (c) SH specimen; (d) HS specimen; (e) DH specimen; (f) HD specimen
圖 13 不同復合試件應力波傳播云圖. (a) DS試件; (b) SD試件; (c) DH試件; (d) HD試件; (e) SH試件; (f) HS試件
Figure 13. Stress wave propagation cloud diagrams of the composite rock specimens: (a) DS specimen; (b) SD specimen; (c) DH specimen; (d) HD specimen; (e) SH specimen; (f) HS specimen
圖 14 不同復合試件應力波傳播速度
Figure 14. Stress wave propagation velocity of the composite rock specimens
圖 15 復合試件膠結面兩端監測點應力時程曲線. (a) DS試件; (b) SD試件; (c) DH試件; (d) HD試件; (e) SH試件; (f) HS試件
Figure 15. Stress time–history curves of monitoring points at both ends of the cemented surface of the composite rock specimens: (a) DS specimen; (b) SD specimen; (c) DH specimen; (d) HD specimen; (e) SH specimen; (f) HS specimen
表 1 試驗材料物理力學參數
Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of the test materials
Test material density/(kg·m–3) Elastic modulus/GPa Poisson’s ratio Sandstone 2600 4.6 0.24 Marble 2500 3.0 0.3 Granite 3000 18.4 0.2 
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表 2 復合試件耗散能、動能及斷裂能
Table 2. Dissipated energy， kinetic energy， and fracture energy of the composite rock specimens
Specimen Dissipated energy， ED/(kJ·m?3·s?1) Kinetic energy， EK/(kJ·m?3·s?1) Fracture energy， EFD/(kJ·m?3·s?1) DS 19.14 0.99 18.16 SD 16.03 2.82 13.21 DH 17.63 2.45 15.19 HD 13.23 3.73 9.49 SH 14.88 3.00 11.88 HS 12.08 4.66 7.42
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