Research progress on solar energy storage water tanks based on phase-change materials
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摘要: 在建筑節能領域,太陽能是一種備受青睞的清潔能源。然而,太陽能本身的不穩定性及不連續性極大的影響了其應用效果。相變儲能技術以其巨大的相變潛熱、相變過程溫度恒定等優點受到廣泛關注,是太陽能存儲技術中應用較為廣泛的一種技術。為總結相變儲能技術在太陽能存儲領域的應用效果及研究現狀,本文綜述了國內外基于相變儲能材料(PCM)的太陽能儲能水箱的研究進展。通過對太陽能相變儲能水箱中PCM的性能改進、相變儲能水箱結構優化設計、相變儲能水箱性能提升等問題的現有研究進行總結分析,歸納出目前基于PCM儲能的太陽能儲能水箱在應用中的優勢與不足。最后,提出改善太陽能相變儲能水箱性能的研究思路,分別對PCM的融化率、強化傳熱方法、技術經濟性、儲能水箱應用場景、多能耦合供熱性能匹配等問題進行了展望,旨在為太陽能相變儲能水箱的深入研究與應用提供幫助和借鑒。Abstract: In the field of building energy conservation, solar energy is a highly favored clean energy source. However, the instability and discontinuity of solar energy greatly affect its application. Phase-change energy storage technology is widely used for solar energy storage because of its huge latent heat and constant temperature during phase change. To summarize the application effect and research status of phase-change energy storage technology in the field of solar energy storage, this paper reviews the research progress on solar energy storage tanks based on phase-change energy storage materials at home and abroad. This paper focuses on the research progress on phase-change material (PCM) packaging technology from the aspects of geometry packaging and microcapsule encapsulation. The improvements in material thermal conductivity, supercooling and phase separation problems, and material cycle durability are summarized and analyzed. Moreover, this paper summarizes and analyzes the existing research on the structural optimization design of solar thermal storage tanks, stratification of solar phase-change energy storage tanks, storage performance of solar phase-change energy storage tanks, operation strategy of solar phase-change energy storage systems, and performance improvement of the solar heating system by a phase-change energy storage tank. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy storage tanks based on PCM energy storage in applications are summarized. Finally, the research idea of improving the performance of solar phase-change energy storage tanks is proposed. First, it is suggested that further research should be conducted on the encapsulation technology and heat transfer enhancement technology of composite PCMs, and the economic problems of PCM preparation should be fully considered. Second, the problem that PCM cannot completely melt or solidify during heat storage and release should be comprehensively studied to further improve the energy release performance of the heat storage tank. Third, the structural design and operation strategy of solar phase-change energy storage tanks should be optimized. Finally, to further explore the application potential of solar phase-change energy storage tanks, it is necessary to develop a multi-energy coupled heating system based on a solar phase-change energy storage tank, study the cascade utilization of various energy sources such as photothermal, photoelectric, and electromagnetic heat, and improve the stability and energy conversion efficiency of the multi-energy coupled heating system. This study aims to provide a reference for further research on and application of solar phase-change energy storage tanks.
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Key words:
- solar energy /
- energy storage /
- PCM /
- energy storage water tank /
- the research progress
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圖 5 蓄熱水箱、內置隔板物理模型及冷熱水流向示意圖[47]
Figure 5. Physical model of a thermal storage tank and built-in partition and schematic of the cold and hot water flow directions[47]
v1 and v3 are the hot water inlet and outlet flow velocities, respectively. v2 and v4 are the inlet and outlet flow velocities of cold water, respectively. The dimension unit is mm. 1 # tank has a conical top and a single round hole with a built-in partition structure, 2 # tank has a conical top and a multi-round hole with a built-in partition structure, and 3 # tank has a hemispherical top and a single round hole with built-in partition structure, R is the radius of the hemispherical top.(a) 3# Water tank shape structure; (b) 1# and 3# Water tank baffle structure; (c) 2# Water tank baffle structure.
表 1 相變儲能材料封裝方式分類及優缺點
Table 1. Classification and advantages and disadvantages of phase-change energy storage materials
Encapsulation
methodSpecific encapsulation
methodAdvantages Disadvantages Classification Application scope Geometry packaging A certain mass of the phase-change material (PCM) is encapsulated in a tubular or spherical plate or closed geometric containers of other shapes made of metal, plastic, or films that do not react with the PCM. The preparation process is simple and easy to transport Leakage and corrosion of metal materials may occur Plate type, shell type, cylindrical type, ball type, and irregular geometry Widely used in most organic and inorganic PCMs Microencapsulation The PCM is a solid or liquid coated with film-forming microparticles to form a core–shell structure. Stable structure and good thermal conductivity The preparation process is complex, and the cost is high In situ polymerization, interface polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, and sol–gel method Paraffin, fatty acids, and other organic composite PCM 表 2 PCM封裝形式示意圖
Table 2. Schematics of phase-change material encapsulation form
Encapsulation method Name of PCM Schematic diagram of encapsulation
method and SEM diagramDevice name Source of reference Geometry packaging Unknown PCM Regenerative sphere [3] Lauric acid Inverted conical structure PCM package [5] Decylic acid Concentric tube bundle-type air phase-change accumulator [7] Paraffin Condenser heat accumulator unit [8] Microencapsulation N-octadecane N-octadecane - melamine formaldehyde resin microcapsule PCM [9, 10] Lauric acid - myristic acid Lauric acid - myristic acid - expanded graphite microcapsule PCM [11] N-decane N-decane + calcium carbonate microcapsule PCM [12] Decylic acid Melamine - urea-formaldehyde [13] 表 3 部分關于相變儲能材料性能提升的研究成果
Table 3. Research on the performance improvement of phase-change energy storage materials
Phase-change material substrate Additive Thermal conductivity/
(W·m?1·K?1)Phase-change temperature/℃ Latent heat of phase change/ (J·g?1) Complex method Source of reference Paraffin Expanded graphite (EG) 2%–10%(mass fraction) Before adding 0.22 40.2 178.3 Impregnation method [14] After adding 0.40, 0.52, 0.68, 0.82 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) SWNT Before adding 0.267 51–52 90–103 Vacuum vapor deposition method [15] After adding 0.312 Palmitic acid - stearic acid (PA-SA) Carbon nanotube (CNT) 5%–8%(mass fraction) Before adding 0.263 53–54 165–179 Melt blending method [16] After adding 0.316, 0.332, 0.332, 0.341 Stearic acid (SA) Graphene Before adding 0.205 71–72 181–195 Emulsion technique [17] After adding 0.245–0.335 Pentacylglyceride (PG) Expanded graphite (EG) Before adding 0.232 76–82 163.8
161.6
160.1Melt blending method [18] After adding 0.647, 0.863, 0.944 Stearic acid/n-octadecane (SA-ODE) — — 27.4 227 Blending method [19] N-undecane/calcium carbonate Emulator Before adding 0.152 22 and 32.19 134.83 Microenc apsulation [12] After adding 1.283 Sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) Starch — 54.7 180–189 Melt blending method [20] Bentonite — 56.4 153–161 Methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose — 55.1 165 Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, vapor white carbon black, borax, and sodium chloride — 27–31 134–157 Melt blending method [21] Sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) Nanoalumina, nanocopper, and carbon nanotubes Before adding 0.6 58 243–252 [22] After adding 0.4453–0.6698 Myristic acid Silicon dioxide, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) Before adding 0.18 48–56 190 Bending method [23] After adding 0.26–0.38 259luxu-164 -
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