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二氧化硅納米流體強化對流換熱研究進展

Research progress on silica nanofluids for convective heat transfer enhancement

  • 摘要: 隨著半導體技術和電子技術的快速發展,高集成化和高性能化的微電子器件在航空航天、能源、醫療和汽車工業等領域發揮著越來越重要的作用。為了避免出現高熱流密度引起的器件高溫失效問題,對微電子器件進行有效熱管理是非常關鍵的。傳統的風冷和液冷技術不僅功耗高而且散熱效率低,嚴重影響了器件的穩定性和可靠性。近年來,國內外研究者提出了多種新型被動式和主動式強化換熱技術。其中,納米流體強化換熱技術由于成本低、操控靈活和形式多樣性的特點,受到了廣泛的關注。特別是對于二氧化硅納米顆粒,良好的機械和化學穩定性、豐富的結構形式和多樣化的合成方法等優勢引起了研究者極大的興趣。目前,二氧化硅納米流體在導熱、對流和輻射傳熱方面都有顯著的強化性能。以電子器件液冷技術為背景對二氧化硅納米流體在強化對流換熱的研究進展進行了系統綜述,首先介紹了二氧化硅納米流體的性質和制備方法,然后討論并總結了二氧化硅納米流體在單相對流(自然對流和強制對流)和相變對流(池沸騰和流動沸騰)領域的研究現狀,最后強調二氧化硅納米流體對流換熱技術存在的問題以及未來發展的方向,為建立高性能納米流體液冷換熱技術體系提供相應的思路和參考。

     

    Abstract: With the rapid development of semiconductor and electronics technologies, high-integration and high-performance microelectronic devices play more important roles in industrial fields, such as the aeronautics and astronautics, energy, medical, and automobile fields. To avoid thermal failure in high heat flux conditions, effective thermal management of microelectronic devices is critical. Conventional air and liquid cooling approaches suffer from not only high power consumption but also low heat dissipation efficiency, considerably limiting the stability and reliability of microelectronic devices. In recent years, researchers proposed many passive (such as nanofluids, surface roughness, and heating element structures) and active (such as the acoustic, electric, and magnetic fields) heat transfer enhancement approaches. Because of its low cost, flexible control, and diverse forms, the nanofluid approach has attracted considerable attention. To solve the low thermal conductivity issue of conventional working fluids (such as water, ethylene glycol, and mineral oil), researchers have developed a series of particulate forms, including but not limited to silica dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), carbon nanotube, copper (Cu), silver (Ag), silicon carbide (SiC), diamond, iron oxide (Fe2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and cupric oxide (CuO). Particularly, silica (SiO2) nanofluids, with their good mechanical and chemical stability, abundant structures, and diverse preparation methods, make them interesting to researchers. To date, SiO2 nanofluids exhibit outstanding intensification performance in the fields of conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. This study provided a systematic overview of the research progress on SiO2 nanofluids for convective heat transfer applications. First, the physicochemical properties and preparation methods (i.e., one-step and two-step methods) of SiO2 nanofluids were introduced. Further, the state of the art of SiO2 nanofluids for single-phase convection and phase change convection applications was summarized, and the numerical simulation and experimental observation results of natural convection, forced convection, pool boiling, and flow boiling were tabulated and discussed in detail. Finally, the current remaining challenges and future research directions were highlighted in terms of the in-depth heat transfer enhancement principles, practical industrialization applications, systematic and accurate evaluation of heat transfer performance, preparation and characterization strategies, exploration of a high-diversity library of particulate structures, and optimization of heat exchanger apparatus. We believe that this review article can shed new insights into the rational design and preparation of advanced SiO2 nanofluids and provide important guidelines to develop robust nanofluid-based liquid cooling heat sinks.

     

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