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摘要: 巷道、采場等地下開挖空間周邊圍巖的次生結構面發育，巖體極易被切割成多個獨立巖塊，并在準靜態地應力或外界動力擾動作用下發生滑動冒落。針對準靜態條件下的頂板失穩冒落問題，研究的重點在于結構面的擴展分析以及塊體系統的受力平衡條件分析。對于動態擾動條件下的頂板巖塊滑動失穩問題，不僅涉及到應力波促進下的裂隙擴展問題，還與塊體系統中應力波的傳播規律和應力波影響下巖塊動態受力條件有關。本文分別從靜態條件下與動態擾動條件下兩個方面總結了頂板巖塊穩定性相關研究。目前針對靜態條件下的頂板塊體穩定性研究已經形成了諸多較為成熟的理論體系；而對于動態擾動條件下的塊體穩定性的研究主要還是集中于塊體系統內部應力波傳播過程的分析，忽略了對頂板巖體受擾過程中裂隙擴展和應力失衡的分析。因此，針對頂板巖塊動態失穩問題的研究尚不能揭示冒落機理，而該研究的難點在于“揭示動態擾動誘發塊體失穩的本質機理”。最后，介紹了課題組針對動態擾動下頂板塊體滑動失穩問題開展的一系列實驗與數值模擬研究，揭示了不同方向動態擾動作用誘發頂板塊體滑動失穩的機理，為地下礦山冒頂災害的防控提供一定的理論參考。Abstract: Roof caving has been the main threat to the safety of underground mining, in which the caving of roof rock blocks is particularly concerning. The secondary structural planes of surrounding rocks around underground excavations, such as roadways and stopes, are developed. The rock mass is prone to break into several independent blocks, and these rock blocks may slide and fall under the action of static in-situ stress or external dynamic disturbances. Under quasistatic stress conditions, the instability and collapse of roof rock blocks are mainly caused by structural plane extensions and changes in the stress balance condition of the rock block system. However, under external dynamic disturbances, the sliding process and instability of roof rock blocks are associated with the development of fractures triggered by stress waves. Further, they are affected by the variation of stress balance conditions of the rock block system and the transmission of stress waves in the block system. This paper summarized the existing studies on roof rock block stability under quasistatic and dynamic disturbance conditions. Previous studies have proposed relatively mature theoretical systems for the stability analysis of roof rock blocks under static or quasistatic situations. However, a majority of the studies on rock block stability under an external dynamic disturbance condition examine stress wave propagation in a rock block system while overlooking the analysis of the crack development mechanism and dynamic variation in stress balance conditions. Therefore, further research is necessary to reveal the caving mechanism of roof rock blocks triggered by a dynamic disturbance. By summarizing relevant work, the difficulties encountered in the study of roof rock block caving under a dynamic disturbance are discussed. The key scientific problem is to uncover the fundamental mechanism behind roof rock block instability induced by a dynamic disturbance. Finally, a series of experimental and numerical simulations conducted on the sliding and instability of roof rock blocks under a dynamic disturbance revealed clear differences in the mechanism of the sliding instability of roof blocks due to dynamic disturbances in different directions. The reduction in friction between the blocks is the fundamental cause of the key block sliding under a lateral disturbance, while the sliding of the rock blocks under a vertical disturbance is mainly driven by the dynamic load. This finding can provide a theoretical reference for preventing and controlling roof caving in underground mines.
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Key words:
- underground engineering /
- jointed rock mass /
- roof caving /
- key block /
- dynamic disturbance /
- sliding instability
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圖 4 頂板塊體系統受擾動試驗示意圖. (a)側向沖擊擾動; (b)豎向沖擊擾動
Figure 4. Schematic of the pendulum hammer impact test: (a) lateral impact disturbance; (b) vertical impact disturbance
圖 5 不同側向擾動能量水平條件下關鍵塊的滑動位移曲線. (a)初始夾持載荷3 kN; (b)初始夾持載荷5 kN
Figure 5. Sliding displacement curves of the key block under different lateral disturbances: (a) initial clamping load of 3 kN; (b) initial clamping load of 5 kN
圖 6 側向擾動下關鍵塊位移和應力響應. (a)關鍵塊豎向滑動位移曲線; (b)各巖塊中心點橫向應力曲線; (c)關鍵塊左右界面上法向應力曲線
Figure 6. The displacement and stress response of the key block under lateral disturbance: (a) vertical displacement of key block; (b) horizontal stress of blocks’ center; (c) normal stress on bi-sides boundary of key block
圖 7 不同豎向沖擊能量下關鍵塊豎向滑動位移變化曲線. (a)初始夾持載荷為17.5 kN; (b)初始夾持載荷為22.5 kN
Figure 7. Vertical sliding displacement curve of the key block under different impact energy: (a) initial clamping load of 17.5 kN; (b) initial clamping load of 22.5 kN
圖 8 豎向擾動下關鍵塊位移和應力響應. (a)關鍵塊豎向滑動位移曲線; (b)關鍵塊左右界面上法向應力和剪切應力曲線; (c)關鍵塊左右界面上摩擦系數; (d)關鍵塊Z軸方向上的體力總和與面力總和
Figure 8. The displacement and stress response of the key block under vertical disturbance: (a) vertical displacement of key block; (b) normal and shear stress on bi-sides boundary of key block; (c) friction coefficient of bi-sides boundary of key block; (d) internal force and surface force of key block along the Z-axial
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