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硼摻雜鎳酸鋰的改性研究

Enhanced electrochemical performance of LiNiO2 by B doping

  • 摘要: 采用共沉淀法制備了Ni(OH)2前驅體材料,通過高溫固相法制備了LiNiO2和B摻雜LiNiO2(B的摩爾分數為1%),利用X射線衍射(XRD)、里特維爾德(Rietveld)精修、掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)、恒流充放電測試、循環伏安(CV)和電化學阻抗譜(EIS)對材料的晶體結構、表面形貌和電化學性能進行了系統性表征。XRD和Rietveld精修結果表明,LiNiO2和B摻雜LiNiO2均具有良好的層狀結構,B因為占據在過渡金屬層和鋰層的四面體間隙位而導致摻雜后略微增大材料的晶格參數和晶胞體積,同時增大了LiO6八面體的間距,進而促進鋰離子運輸。由于摻雜的B的摩爾分數僅為1%,LiNiO2和B摻雜LiNiO2均表現為直徑10 μm左右的多晶二次顆粒,且一次顆粒晶粒尺寸沒有明顯區別。長循環數據表明B摻雜可以有效提高材料的循環容量保持率,經100次循環后,B摻雜樣品在40 mA·g?1 電流下的容量保持率為77.5%,優于未摻雜樣品(相同條件下容量保持率為66.6%)。微分容量曲線和EIS分析表明B摻雜可以有效抑制循環過程中的阻抗增長。

     

    Abstract: The application markets for portable electronics, battery-operated electric vehicles, and large-scale energy-storage grids have been expanding rapidly for the past ten years, which has attracted massive attention to the investigation and development of batteries with high energy density, long cycle life, high safety, and low cost. A commonly used lithium-ion battery consists of intercalation-type materials, such as LiCoO2 as cathode and graphite as an anode. Owing to technical difficulties, including high cost, low stability, and the poor safety of Li, the large-scale application of the high-energy Li anode is still premature. A more common strategy than the one mentioned above for improving the energy density of Li-ion batteries is to develop a cathode material with high specific capacity and low cost, such as LiNi1–xyCoxMnyO2 (NCM) and LiNi1–xyCoxAlyO2 (NCA). Among the NCMs and NCAs, Co is more expensive and less abundant than Ni, Mn, and Al. Presently, high-nickel, low-cobalt NCMs, and NCAs have attracted huge attention as suitable cathodes for both academic and industrial purposes. LNiO2 can be regarded as the Ni content increasing to 100% for NMCs and NCAs, which stood as the “holy grail” of layered cathodes. This study aims to investigate the structural and electrochemical stability of LiNiO2 and B-doped LiNiO2. In this study, Ni(OH)2 was synthesized by a coprecipitation method using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). LiNiO2 and B-doped LiNiO2 were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state sintering. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and electrochemical performance were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), constant current charge–discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). XRD and Rietveld refinement results indicate that B-doping could slightly increase the lattice parameters and unit cell volume due to the occupancy of B in the tetrahedral site. Meanwhile, the LiO6 slab distance increases, consequently favoring the transportation of Li+ during (de)-intercalation. SEM images suggest that LiNiO2 and B-doped LiNiO2 consist of primary grains with a similar size, and the secondary particle in both samples has an average size of 10 μm. Long-term cycling data show that B-doping could improve capacity retention. The capacity retention at 40 mA·g?1 is 77.5% for the B-doped sample, whereas a value of 66.6% is obtained for LiNiO2. The dQ/dV vs V curves and EIS results suggest the suppression of impedance growth by B-doping.

     

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