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模擬煙氣中氣態痕量元素污染物發生方法的研究現狀

Research status of methods for generating gaseous trace element pollutants in simulated flue gas

  • 摘要: 目前燃煤電廠對于SO2、NOx和PM等主要污染物已經有較為成熟的控制方法,但針對具有長期環境危害性的痕量污染物尚缺乏有效的排放控制手段。為全面掌握痕量污染物在煤燃燒過程中的釋放、遷移和轉化規律并開發相應的控制技術,建立穩定可靠的模擬煙氣痕量污染物發生方法是開展相關研究的前提條件。通過文獻調研,對常見痕量污染物的四種發生方法進行了總結、歸納和對比:溶液蒸發法較為簡單易用,但產物中易含有副產物,這些副產物會帶來一定的影響;燃燒法產生的痕量污染物最接近實際情況,但受實驗條件影響較大,并且產物成分較為復雜;升華法獲得的產物濃度較為準確,但適用范圍較窄,僅用于某幾種氣態痕量污染物的發生;氫化物氧化法可準確地控制產物的發生速率,但也僅適用于少量痕量污染物,并且裝置較為復雜。分析比較了不同方法的適用情形,最后提出多種方法聯用的思路以期得到更加接近實際情形并且成分可控的結果。

     

    Abstract: Technologies for the emission and control of pollutants have been widely applied in coal-fired power plants in China to control the emissions of SO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). SO2 and NOx belong to the pollutants of major elements, with PM pertaining to the solid products. Control technologies for the above three pollutants, such as flue gas desulfurization, selective catalytic reduction, and electrostatic precipitators, have been proven to be highly efficient at removing the abovementioned pollutants in practical settings. The emission and control of Hg pollutants have also been extensively studied. However, control technologies for pollutants from trace elements, including Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, and As, which are also hazardous to long-term human health and the ecosystem, must be further developed both experimentally and theoretically. As a first step in future studies and analyses, the development of accurate and reliable methods for generating trace element pollutants is extremely important for the development of their future control technologies. In this paper, different ways of generating trace elements pollutants in simulated flue gas have been summarized and compared, including solution evaporation, combustion, sublimation, and hydride oxidization methods. The detailed procedures of these methods have been presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method have been discussed in detail. The findings indicate that the solution evaporation method is simple and feasible, but includes water vapor and other possible gaseous by-products that will have a negative effect on the results of subsequent experiments. The combustion method offers a realistic simulated flue gas, although factors related to the fuel or combustion conditions might influence the results and the product constituents are somewhat complex. The sublimation and hydride oxidation methods provide the most accurate trace element pollutants, but they are only suitable for the generation of certain types of gaseous trace pollutants and the installation of the hydride oxide apparatus is complicated. The applicability of these methods has also been discussed carefully in this study. A joint method for generating trace element pollutants has been proposed to obtain results that are closer to the actual situation and more precise than those obtained using any single method.

     

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