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區塊鏈技術及其研究進展

Survey of blockchain technology and its advances

  • 摘要: 從區塊鏈的設計和需求出發,闡明了區塊鏈技術中的基本概念與特征及其基礎架構;其次,以比特幣為例詳細介紹了區塊鏈中各種機制,包括:區塊結構與防篡改機制、交易結構與腳本語言、交易人員身份鑒別機制以及網絡高效交易傳播機制等;而且,按照證明類、拜占庭類、傳統共識類及混合共識類等類型,詳細描述了當前幾種主流的區塊鏈共識算法;此外,對智能合約的概念、組織結構及模塊關系以及執行方式與過程進行了討論;最后,對區塊鏈面臨的主要安全挑戰進行了總結,從而達到系統地把握區塊鏈技術發展和趨勢的目的.

     

    Abstract: With the rapid development of e-commerce and network finance involving the Internet, hundreds of millions of online transactions are being carried out on the Internet every moment. Guaranteeing the security of these transactions and realizing the secure storage, exchange, and sharing of massive transaction data have become paramount. Blockchain is a practical technology recently proposed to solve the above problems. Through P2P network technology, distributed ledger technology, asymmetric cryptography, consensus mechanism, and smart contract technology, blockchains can ensure data integrity, nonrepudiation, privacy, consistency, and other security protections. Hence, it has attracted wide attention from academia and industry in recent years. Starting from the design and demand of blockchains, this paper first expounds the basic concepts, features, and typical architecture in the current blockchains. Taking Bitcoin as an example, this paper also explored the various proposed structures and the corresponding mechanisms, including block storage structure and tamper-proof mechanism, transaction structure and scripting language, trader identification mechanism, and efficient network transaction propagation mechanism. Moreover, several current mainstream blockchain consensus algorithms were described according to the categories of proof-mode, Byzantine-type, traditional consensus, and hybrid consensus. In addition, the latest developments in smart contracts were discussed from some aspects, including concepts, organizational structure, the relationship among modules, as well as execution approaches and processes. Finally, the main security challenges faced by blockchains were summarized in order to systematically grasp the developments and trends of blockchain technology.

     

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